SUBARU

Subaru Corporation

Fuji Heavy Industries started out as The Aircraft Research Laboratory in 1915

In 1932 it became: Nakajima Aircraft Company

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Coordinates: 36°17′51″N 139°22′05″E / 36.2975685°N 139.368058°E / 36.2975685; 139.368058

Subaru Corporation
Native name
スバル
Industry Automobile manufacturing
Founded July 15, 1953; 63 years ago (1953-07-15)
Founder Kenji Kita
Chikuhei Nakajima(predecessor)
Headquarters Ebisu, Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Yasuyuki Yoshinaga, (Representative Director, President and CEO)
Jun Kondo, (Representative Director & Vice-President)
Products Automobiles
Divisions Subaru Tecnica International
Website Subaru Global

Subaru (スバル?) (/ˈsbər/ or /sᵿbˈɑːr/;Japanese pronunciation: [sɯ.ba.ɾɯ]) is the automobile manufacturing division of JapanesetransportationconglomerateSubaru Corporation (formerly known as Fuji Heavy Industries (FHI)), the twenty-second largest automaker by production worldwide in 2012.

Subaru cars are known for the use of a boxer engine layout in most vehicles above 1500 cc. Most Subaru models have used the Symmetrical All Wheel Drive drive-train layout since 1972. The flat/boxer engine and all-wheel-drive became standard equipment for mid-size and smaller cars in most international markets by 1996, and is now standard in most North American market Subaru vehicles. The lone exception is the BRZ, introduced in 2012, which uses the boxer engine but instead uses a rear-wheel-drive structure. Subaru also offers turbocharged versions of their passenger cars, such as the Impreza WRX and the Legacy 2.5GT. The 2.0XT trims of the Outback and Forester also include a turbocharged engine.

In Western markets, the Subaru brand has traditionally been popular among a dedicated core of buyers. Marketing is targeted towards specific niches centered on those who desire the company’s signature drive train engine, all-wheel/rough-road capabilities or affordable sports car markets.

Subaru is the Japanese name for the Pleiades star cluster M45, or “The Seven Sisters” (one of whom tradition says is invisible – hence only six stars in the Subaru logo), which in turn inspires the logo and alludes to the companies that merged to create FHI.

All pictures from my collection: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10214689494617313&set=ms.c.eJxVWFkOHTEIu1GFwWz3v1jFU9VxfubDGpawxQTmYM1yWehA~%3BME~%3BJJzosHRBvBAm~%3BzgwaU7~_RzKiY3zxH8EOuWv7~%3BeOZMTb16TGU7c58UpNdm~%3BtZ5yy60f0g0WjRA2ea54r1ntnZVM1Rm~%3BNpRjtnvUyR9PXCg9R6STSmbVmeGo1s82iRCrP1DtUzXK~%3BPQxo901JiaM3tik9zBNDh~%3Bmgm14eP5llve3LR4xpDtO~%3BF~%3BslFj82nuayrDLGPrVmfz5~%3BcInZyRKroBhuVKluXnKbX7MA1zoRvGOTsju408dmBTkrecXWxw1Ipz077ouGcAlAS~_dmorSfvjLNeivhsmER~_J4JrWmNRa77fKbjcvvRIfHx7uwUpOtYyJBfJS5FU5kb49kBsua15Sr5yPWddusnCstO1EtJsw7VP7wyaQTq4SUHQidp4aiydG66VkO0b1L7IixI1p0XbSK2EHG6Qzz~_Xjkcqa6M0O7W10S~%3BiG63W6zSXetjkxtMXfZpHzzWopanmCV8~_ldDpG6PI~_HWrRmyGS6j12Vq6at6z9UR1u5Z8~%3BllfSj1j7GxlPv~_cVOs~%3B5FJn3cBm2Trr7KQ0hrtmu659YVcPpVJIX~_rZx1GrXYk53VzVgzvFPlJ~_9amanbapU2K8bBOq5~_ZY6pSYyBtbqjmM~_9T8xE31UA~_vuzNVKs~_fUc3l3DI~_yE0z9bmNW4~_tq59KtXW1UZqvmdOcj1T7Vqk~%3B18jV2u8ZbfGc4mqstMJvuG31qlSelNbG5s06nZlXLW16M1rWNrQ2rA9RKdRsa3f~%3BaqoZirRv60xYd27r2dejtlM1~_~%3Bkj1euRtTaPrTg9vQ8y25rBq~_4dlCK~%3Ba0bnKrd2tCu3UDsPt7FJ33qYg9tOj0odknr2OnbR6k~_fZrmtnLUB~_MOI0nchebc4pkBFEmGm3MbS0qz5IGsm~%3Be6We4xDpX6UzVRzRxukxk6qzVZ8TuPCYSp19zRVc88aqNanw1D6z1oaHp9n0iBxdttsg9Sq224b1B~%3BY3YNmihzXkuqNqkoC1H82zB0P0uZSCQ7vNi~_15QPzGkEugsriHHHW1WeQsDCVIsKU29w3LR4P02HhKlVMC~_0LVIRFKgOpWYvWaLSvKa9zNA9RdtoDi9VTTITx4TZDGPUUbpXGEp~%3B9ajW1Vn3QpvPQr02t1cNYW1tlywwCFuLPEuFPxMgBTHIRPy2lNU9OwrSiyG6Y5pTpCdOZycyG8l5nMmGjHLKOeGt8WDhEPSxP4GGebQs8J~_1KKKN2NhpwtT6nOfEgDWhUObOARpVruNVAkfPnOelyb09TpBuQvcCPMOLpr7S7G7RT8pYtjwch4JrBxABORdwvGA9yUsIPPSMDrvtghl14VCom4csHWbhsdp5EI3R3mPJLs0qxAN1zPSv6~_lmR32ap0bgMxqwidv~_o9cuXssroHDCeaAwX1Lmasw1ljF5mACnxKViCOkULtlCm5~_V15SO26qKqrMmLtchSKXYgdWJXR6M0y5UDpM6NupM~_~%3BV6TgZJ92WsHt098SBsTykC87be2SjQ67Ee9BWHEUVRBEo3R3pmrw51QZIBV6~_O8ApeonjV3Pft6t~_tdQLvKgH~%3B~%3BhB1XUM52Hh8i~%3B9zs9ZGOOyR9ZLYEuttnHwZy641k5zgJfHX63ZobprfelV3Y6rtNIUJnVHhZhq3sjMuI1aiGz9GUx~%3BotW5A75ZAMnS0R19ruL3Krp0iFzwVIThFVGSF3yiH3Eeu8FZay~_QZtO3SXyWDtBFQqNyKF~%3BwQ3Ikp26vgt66WRzztF6ynyXgtauE3knaL1FBmF6FGEGTHC6yJ~%3BS6RGIzMiJuSfCwaBF~_mbkTJJ3EGdoockXTh2tGXzYUQdcQ8aipDJkB6MvqencNVTG9Qtm2uGxs7zT1N38~_iupE7I6GOHdPV5Z0mJ6r06ZisjijHPc1IQ1I1DsT5EMOWujGElUytq8lcNUglXZnwqYcPBFoYfS4JjisQ2W7hoHLvn4kEGXHxSNFoeh1bEkfr~_U9YXV42G1a8WJfLWtxwLl~_AN1XTZknj3ZOocO6TzmWNgROpLV11Lmksv34tQJmVGMTu79OWE0R058rpL78os4TasuFVYz0UflGl8Mu6tR7JzUlnJ5xU0o0vuL2adP~%3BJGxLonvdRo3JNIQU~%3BhdR5CkTFkyQ1LXjeb2joOWcohGfdWOjIlyDYUpMIZZXl3vPxzDxMQ9p429nv~%3B~_v65~%3Bbn0tZDN7Brp5RybXQonYbNQIzc~_~_~_6PDX0tBHda3hjZy7uWHyneA5nEZ7LQJh3Hyey26b~%3BRouQc.bps.a.10214689172449259.1073742084.1422084541&type=3&theater

History

Former logo on a Subaru 360 showing six stars in an arrangement similar to the Pleiades open star cluster

Fuji Heavy Industries (FHI) and Subaru’s first cars

Fuji Heavy Industries started out as The Aircraft Research Laboratory in 1915, headed by Chikuhei Nakajima. In 1932, the company was reorganized as Nakajima Aircraft Company, Ltd and soon became a major manufacturer of aircraft for Japan during World War II. At the end of the Second World War Nakajima Aircraft was again reorganized, this time as Fuji Sangyo Co, Ltd. In 1946, the company created the

Fuji Rabbitmotor scooter with spare aircraft parts from the war. In 1950, Fuji Sangyo was divided into 12 smaller corporations according to the Japanese Government’s 1950 Corporate Credit Rearrangement Act, anti-zaibatsu legislation. Between 1953 and 1955, four of these corporations and a newly formed corporation decided to merge to form Fuji Heavy Industries. These companies were: Fuji Kogyo, a scooter manufacturer; coachbuildersFuji Jidosha; engine manufacturers Omiya Fuji Kogyo; chassis builders Utsunomiya Sharyo and the Tokyo Fuji Dangyotrading company.

1955 Subaru 1500, a.k.a. the P-1

Kenji Kita, CEO of Fuji Heavy Industries at the time, wanted the new company to be involved in car manufacturing and soon began plans for building a car with the development code-name P-1. Mr. Kita canvassed the company for suggestions about naming the P1, but none of the proposals was appealing enough. In the end he gave the company a Japanese name that he had “been cherishing in his heart”: Subaru, which is the name of the Pleiades star cluster in Japanese. The first Subaru car was named the Subaru 1500. Only twenty were manufactured owing to multiple supply issues. Subsequently, the company designed and manufactured dozens of vehicles including the 1500 (1954), the tiny air-cooled 360 (1958), the Sambar (1961), and the 1000 (which saw the introduction of the Subaru boxer engine in 1965).

 1958 Subaru 360

Later partnerships

Nissan acquired a 20.4% stake in Fuji Heavy Industries, Subaru’s parent company, in 1968 during a period of government-ordered merging of the Japanese auto industry in order to improve competitiveness under the administration of Prime MinisterEisaku Sato. Nissan would utilize FHI’s bus manufacturing capability and expertise for their Nissan Diesel line of buses. In turn many Subaru vehicles, even today, use parts from the Nissan manufacturing keiretsu. The Subaru automatic transmission, known as the 4EAT, is also used in the first generation Nissan Pathfinder. While under this arrangement with Nissan, Subaru introduced the R-2 (1969), the Rex and the Leone (1971), the BRAT (1978), Alcyone (1985), the Legacy (1989), the Impreza (1993) (and its WRX subtype), and the Forester (1997).

Upon Nissan’s acquisition by Renault, its stake in FHI was sold to General Motors in 1999. Troy Clarke, of General Motors served as representative to Fuji Heavy Industries on their corporate board. During that time, Subaru introduced the Baja (2003), and the Tribeca (2005). The Subaru Forester was sold as a Chevrolet Forester in India in exchange for the Opel Zafira being sold as a Subaru Traviq in Japan. Also, the Chevrolet Borrego concept was presented in 2002, a crossover coupe/pickup truck being derived from the Japanese-market Legacy Turbo platform. During the brief General Motors period, a “badge engineeredImpreza was sold in the United States as the Saab 9-2X. An SUV (Subaru Tribeca / Saab 9-6X) was also planned but the Saab version did not proceed, and styling was recycled in the 2008 Tribeca refresh.

GM liquidated their holdings in FHI in 2005. Nearly all Saab-Subaru joint projects were dropped at that time, other than Subaru supplying parts for the Saab 9-2x.Toyota Motors bought a little over 40% of GM’s former FHI stock, amounting to 8.7% of FHI. (The rest of GM’s shares went to a Fuji stock buy-back program.) Toyota and Subaru have since collaborated on a number of projects, among them building the Toyota Camry in Subaru’s Indiana U.S. plant beginning in April 2007. Subaru introduced the Exiga in 2008.

Toyota increased their share of FHI to 16.5% in July 2008. Subsequently, Toyota and Subaru jointly developed the Toyota 86, first sold in January 2012 as the Subaru BRZ and by Toyota under various names.

Marketing efforts

Some of the advertising slogans Subaru has used in the past include “Inexpensive, and built to stay that way” (USA 1970s – early 1980s), “The World’s Favourite Four Wheel Drive” (in the UK), “Plus on y pense, plus on a le gout de la conduire” (Literally: “The more one thinks, the more one has the taste (or desire, impulse, drive) of driving it”) in French Quebec, “We built our reputation by building a better car”, “What to Drive”, “The Beauty of All-Wheel Drive”, “Driven by What’s Inside”, “Think, Feel, Drive”, “Love. It’s what makes Subaru, a Subaru” (USA early 2010s) and currently “Confidence in Motion” in North America, “All 4 The Driver” in Australia, and “Uncommon Engineering, Uncommon Stability, Uncommon Roadholding, Uncommon Sense” in the UK and “Technology that gives you Confidence in Motion” in Southeast Asia.

As a result of this refocused advertising campaign, Subaru products began to attract a following among the young and educated, who saw the car as a practical alternative to the SUV craze. Subaru has historically been popular in the Northeastern United States as well as the Pacific Northwest. According to Automotive Lease Guide, Subaru ranked second place in vehicles that have the highest overall predicted resale values among all industry and all luxury vehicles for MY 2009. The awards are derived after carefully studying segment competition, historical vehicle performance and industry trends. According to a study done by J.D. Power and Associates for the 2008 Customer Retention Study, Subaru ranked at 50.5%, which was above the national average of 48%.

Hōkago no Pleiades (Original net animation)

Subaru launched an animation series Hōkago no Pleiades (放課後のプレアデス?, Hōkago no Pureadesu, lit. ‘After School Pleiades’) developed jointly with Gainax. The 4-part mini episode series was released on YouTube on February 1, 2011. It featured a magical girl plot with Subaru as a leading protagonist.

Current operations

Subaru’s corporate headquarters are located in Ebisu, Tokyo.

Manufacturing facilities

Subaru is distinct from many of its Japanese competitors in that as of early 2016 it still made almost 75% of its cars sold internationally in Japan. Subaru’s facilities designated to automotive manufacturing are located in Ōta, Gunma Prefecture, consisting of four locations. Subaru-chō is where the Subaru BRZ/Toyota 86 is built, having been re-purposed from kei car production, Yajima Plant is where all current Subaru cars are built, Otakita Plant is where commercial kei trucks are built (originally a factory location of Nakajima Aircraft Company), and Oizumi Plant is where engines and transmissions are built.

Subaru’s only overseas manufacturing facility is located in Lafayette, Indiana; the factory is called Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Inc.. Due to continued sales growth in North American markets, vehicle production capacity at the Lafayette assembly plant is set to expand to 390,000 vehicles annually. Under the current strategic plan, Subaru will have a total production capacity of 1,026,000 vehicles per year at the end of 2016.

Subaru in Canada

Subaru Canada, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Fuji Heavy Industries of Japan. Headquartered in Mississauga, Ontario, the company markets and distributes Subaru vehicles, parts and accessories through a network of 88 authorized dealers throughout Canada.In 1976, Canadians got their first exposure to Subaru vehicles when Subaru Auto Canada Limited (SACL) began offering the Subaru Leone. In 1989, the privately owned SACL was purchased by the Toronto-based Subaru Canada, Inc. who, under the guidance of parent company Fuji Heavy Industries, began an expansion process that would eventually see over 100 Subaru Dealers in operation across the country.

Subaru in the Philippines

Subaru has entered the Philippine operations started in 1996 under the Columbian Motors Philippines ownership but withdrew in 2000. It returned in 2006 under a new ownership by Motor Image Pilipinas, Inc. Subaru has eleven dealerships in the country: Greenhills, Fort Bonifacio, Manila Bay, Alabang, Davao, Cebu, Cagayan de Oro, Iloilo, Santa Rosa, Batangas, and Pampanga.

Motor Image Pilipinas, Inc., part of Motor Image Group, a wholly owned subsidiary of Hong Kong-based Tan Chong International Limited under businessman Glenn Tan, the company markets and distributes Subaru vehicles, parts and accessories through a network of six dealerships in the Philippines.

Subaru in the United Kingdom

In 1974 Robert Edmiston was finance director at sports car manufacturer Jensen Motors. When the company went bankrupt, he used a £6,000 redundancy payout to set up International Motors, which acquired the UK franchise for Subaru and Isuzu. The Coleshill based company is still the parent for Subaru in the UK.

Subaru in the United States

Subaru of America was established in 1968 in Philadelphia by Malcolm Bricklin and Harvey Lamm. It relocated to Pennsauken, New Jersey shortly thereafter and moved to its current headquarters in Cherry Hill, New Jersey when Fuji Heavy Industries acquired full ownership. Subaru of America operates regional offices, zone offices and parts distribution centers throughout the United States. Subaru of America also operates port facilities on both the West and East coasts.

In 1989 Subaru and then-partner Isuzu opened a joint factory in Lafayette, Indiana called Subaru-Isuzu Automotive, or SIA, which initially manufactured the Subaru Legacy and Isuzu Rodeo. In 2001 Isuzu sold their stake in the plant to FHI for $1 due to flagging sales and it was renamed Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Inc. SIA has been designated a backyard wildlife habitat by the National Wildlife Federation and has achieved a zero-landfill production designation (the first automotive assembly plant in the United States to earn that designation).

According to the Kelley Blue Book in 2015, two Subaru models Forester and the Outback in the United States had very short inventory time (the time between being received by a dealer to being sold).

Motorsports

Subaru Rally Team Japan led by Noriyuki Koseki (founder of Subaru Tecnica International, STI) ran Subaru Leone coupé, sedan DL, RX(SRX) and RX Turbo in the World Rally Championship between 1980 and 1989. Drivers for individual rallies included Ari Vatanen, Per Eklund, Shekhar Mehta, Mike Kirkland, Possum Bourne and Harald Demut. Mike Kirkland finished 6th overall and won the A Group at the 1986 Safari Rally. That year Subaru was one of the only manufacturers combining 4WD and turbo after Audi‘s successful quattro system had been introduced in 1980, but Audi withdrew from the WRC after safety concerns and Ford’s serious accident early in the 1986 season. Subaru changed the rally model to Legacy RS for the 1990–1992 period and took part in the first complete season in the World Rally Championship with the same model in 1993.

Modified versions of the Impreza WRX and WRX STi have been competing successfully in rallying. Drivers Colin McRae (1995), Richard Burns (2001) and Petter Solberg (2003) have won World Rally Championshipdrivers’ titles with the Subaru World Rally Team and Subaru took the manufacturers’ title three years in a row from 1995 to 1997. Subaru’s World Rally Championship cars are prepared and run by Prodrive, the highly successful British motorsport team. Several endurance records were set in the early and mid-nineties by the Subaru Legacy. The Subaru Justy also holds the world record for the fastest sub 1.0L car without a turbo: 123.224 mph average, it was set in 1989.

Subaru was briefly involved in Formula One circuit racing when it bought a controlling interest in the tiny Italian Coloni team for the 1990 season. The Coloni 3B’s 12-cylinder engine was badged as a Subaru and shared the boxer layout with the company’s own engines, but was an existing design built by Italian firm Motori Moderni. The cars were overweight and underpowered and the partnership broke down before the season finished. With the rise of rally racing and the Import scene in the US, the introduction of the highly anticipated Subaru Impreza WRX in 2001 was successful in bringing high-performance AWD compact cars into the sports car mainstream. Subaru supplies a factory-backed team, Subaru Rally Team USA for Rally America and has won the driver’s title six times, most recently in 2011 with David Higgins.Grassroots Motorsports awarded Subaru with the Editors’ Choice Award in 2002.

On 16 December 2008, it was announced that Subaru would no longer be competing in the World Rally Championships. The decision was made by Subaru’s parent company, Fuji Heavy Industries (FHI), partly as a result of the economic downturn but also because it was felt Subaru had achieved its sporting and marketing objectives. Mr Ikuo Mori denied that alterations to the WRC technical regulations in 2010 or a rumoured deterioration in the working relationship with Prodrive had any impact on the decision. He also said that the possibility of a Subaru car back in the top category of WRC in the future is not zero, but for this moment there can be no assumption of a comeback.

Since 2005, Cusco Racing have entered an Impreza sedan and a BRZ in the Super GT championship. In 2008, the Impreza was the first 4-door and first 4WD vehicle to win a race.

Starting in 2006, Subaru of America (SOA), as the official distributor of Subaru vehicles in the United States participates in the Subaru Road Racing Team (SRRT) with a Subaru Legacy 2.5 GT Spec-B in the Grand-Am Street Tuner class. In 2010, SRRT campaigns a Subaru Impreza WRX STI in the Grand Sport class. In 2011, SRRT switched from the hatchback to a 2011 Subaru Impreza WRX STI sedan.

On 4 May 2012, Subaru Rally Team USA announced that a new rallycross team, Subaru Puma Rallycross Team USA will participate in the 2012 Global RallyCross Championship season with Dave Mirra, Bucky Lasek, and Sverre Isachsen. They also competed in the 2014 FIA World Rallycross Championship.

In 2011, Mark Higgins used a stock Impreza to set a lap record at the Isle of Man TT course. In 2016, Higgins again broke the record in a modified WRX STI.

The impreza has won hillclimbs such as the Silverstone Race to the Sky and Mount Washington Hillclimb Auto Race.

Technology

Diesel

The 2007 Frankfurt International Motor Show saw Subaru introduce a horizontally opposed, water-cooled, common railturbodiesel using a variable geometry turbocharger called the Subaru EE engine, the first of its type to be fitted to a passenger car. Volkswagen had experimented with this idea during the 1950s and made two air-cooled boxer prototype diesel engines that were not turbocharged. VW installed one engine in a Type 1 and another in a Type 2.

The Subaru engine was rated at 110 kW (150 PS; 148 hp) and 350 N·m (260 ft·lbf) with a displacement of 2.0 litres. In March 2008 Subaru offered the Legacy sedan and wagon and the Outback wagon with 2.0 litre turbodiesel in the EU with a 5-speed manual transmission.

In September 2008 Subaru announced that the diesel Forester and diesel Impreza will be introduced at the 2008 Paris Motor Show, with Forester sales to begin October 2008 and diesel Impreza sales to start January 2009. The Forester and Impreza will have a 6-speed manual transmission, whereas the Legacy and Outback have 5-speed manual transmissions.

United States Environmental Protection Agency fuel economy estimated is:

City Ranges
32.7 mpg‑US (7.2 L/100 km; 39.3 mpg‑imp)
33.6 mpg‑US (7.0 L/100 km; 40.4 mpg‑imp)
Highway Ranges
45.2 mpg‑US (5.20 L/100 km; 54.3 mpg‑imp)
49.0 mpg‑US (4.80 L/100 km; 58.8 mpg‑imp)

Electric vehicles

In June 2006, Fuji Heavy Industries, Inc. (FHI) launched its

Subaru StellaPlug-in electric vehicle which is a kei car equipped with a lithium-ion battery pack. The vehicle has a short range of 56 miles (90 km) but it actually costs more than the Mitsubishi iMiEV, at ¥4,380,000 (US$44,860), including Japanese Government consumption taxes with an exemption of $2,240. It will also qualify for a rebate from the Japanese Government of up to $14,200, bringing the price down to $30,660. The vehicle is much like the i-MiEV, with a 47-kilowatt motor and a quick-charge capability, but the two-door mini-car has a boxy shape. FHI plans to start delivery in late July and plans to sell 170 vehicles by March 2010.

In Japan, Subaru is currently testing two electric vehicles called the Subaru G4e and the Subaru R1e.

The Subaru Hybrid Tourer Concept is a four-seat vehicle with gull-wing doors that combines a 2-liter turbocharged direct-injection gasoline engine with a continuously variable transmission and two axle-mounted motors. A lithium-ion battery pack provides energy storage for the vehicle.

Electronics

Since the 2005 model year, Subaru has adopted the CAN bus technology for the USA and Canada markets. Starting in the 2007 model year, all Subaru vehicles use the CAN technology. Typically, two CAN-buses are used on vehicles: a high-speed CAN running at 500 kbit/s for powertrain communication, and a low-speed CAN running at 125 kbit/s for body control functions and instrument panels. A body-integrated unit (BIU) is used between these two networks.

Clarion and Harman Kardon are among the audio, video, and navigation technology suppliers for Subaru products in North America. Clarion announced in 2015 that it was introducing its “Smart Access” platform, formerly only offered on Clarion’s aftermarket products, to the units to be installed in certain Subaru 2015 models in North America. Smart Access is able to work with the driver’s smartphone (either iPhone or Android) and allows access to various car-safe apps running on the phone via the car’s built-in infotainment screen. Subaru and Clarion have also, with Liberty Mutual Insurance, introduced the “RightTrack” in-vehicle app which will be able to monitor the driver’s habits, make suggestions for safer driving, and possibly offer insurance discounts.

Environmental record

 2009 USA-spec Subaru Legacy PZEV

Subaru claims to have implemented advanced policies which include recycling, reducing harmful emissions, and educating their employees. Their efforts have helped them in their environmental initiatives. The Subaru plant in Lafayette, Indiana (SIA) was the first auto assembly plant to achieve zero landfill status; nothing from the manufacturing process goes into a landfill. The company has developed a recycling plan for the “end-of-life” of their cars. Most of their modern products use highly recyclable materials throughout the vehicle, in the engine, transmission, suspension and elsewhere in each vehicle leaving Subaru with a 97.3% recycling ratio rate for their end-of-life vehicles.

An excerpt from the Subaru website stated “In 2006, SIA was awarded the United States Environmental Protection Agency´s Gold Achievement Award as a top achiever in the agency’s WasteWise program to reduce waste and improve recycling.” The website also stated that “It also became the first U.S. automotive assembly plant to be designated a wildlife habitat.”

Subaru currently offers a Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle (PZEV) certified Legacy, Outback, Impreza, XV/Crosstrek and Forester models which are available for sale anywhere in the U.S. Subaru PZEV vehicles meet California’s Super-Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle exhaust emission standard. All other models have been certified LEV2.

Current and former Subaru vehicles

1950s

360 (1958-1971)

1000 (1966-1969)

1500 (1954)

FF-1 G (1971-1972)

FF-1 Star (1969-1973)

R-2 (1969–1972)

1970s

1971 Subaru Leone hardtop coupé A22

Leone (1971-1994)

BRAT (1978-1994)

Rex (1972-1992)

1980s

Sumo / Libero / Domingo / Columbuss / E series / Estratto (1983-1998)

Justy / Tutto(1984-2010, 2016-present)


XT / Alcyone / Vortex (1985-1991)

Legacy / Liberty (1989-present)

1990s

Vivio (1992-1998)

Impreza (1992-present)

Impreza WRX (2001-2014)

and Impreza WRX STI (2001-2014)

Outback Sport / Gravel Express / RV (1994-present)

Alcyone / SVX (1991-1996)

Forester (1997-present)

Traviq (rebadged Opel Zafira) (1999-2005)

2000s

Baja (2003-2006)

R2 (2003-2010)

R1 (2005-2010)

Tribeca (2005-2014)

Trezia (2005-2017)

Exiga (2008-present)

2010s

BRZ( Toyota 86 ) (2012-present)

Subaru XV (2012-present)

Levorg (2014-present)

Subaru WRX (2015-present)

Other manufacturers

Subaru has partnered with various manufacturers over time – here are some of the models are sold in Asia and Europe. In Japan they are in the Kei car class with either front or all wheel drive and a straight engine. An article posted by Autoblog on April 16, 2008 stated that due to a corporate investment by Toyota, all Kei cars built by Subaru will be replaced by Daihatsu models beginning in 2010.

Lucra

Pleo

Sambar

Stella

Dex

Concept vehicles

The following concepts vehicles did not go forward as production vehicles:

Subaru SRD-1 (Experimental design study introduced in 1990)

Subaru Suiren ( Concept replacement for the BRAT/Brumby )

Subaru Exiga (1996, wagon)

Subaru B9 Scrambler

Subaru B11S

Subaru B5 TPH (Turbo Parallel Hybrid) (Japanese: Subaru B5-TPH)

Subaru Fleet-X

Subaru HS500

Subaru VIZIV

See also

Prodrive Motorsport team selected by Subaru to run their World Rally Team

Subaru Tecnica International (also known as STI)

List of Subaru engines

List of Subaru transmissions

Subaru EA engine series

Subaru EF engine series

Subaru EJ engine series

Symmetrical All Wheel Drive

References

Jump up ^ “Corporate Information | Subaru Outline”. SUBARU. Retrieved 2016-02-16. 

Jump up ^ “Corporate Information | Overview”. Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd. 2015-03-31. Retrieved 2016-02-16. 

Jump up ^ “Subaru UK Boxer Diesel TV Ad”. 2009-06-15. 

Jump up ^ “Subaru Impreza 22B STI: The Original Rally Icon! – Ignition Episode Ep. 98”. 2014-01-06. 

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External links


Official website

Fuji Heavy Industries

Subaru Tecnica International

Subaru at DMOZ

Subaru at the Internet Movie Cars Databas
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MASERATI S.p.A.

maserati_1430141907_280

Maserati

Maserati S.p.A.
Società per azioni
Industry Automotive
Predecessor Officine Alfieri Maserati S.p.A.
Founded 1 December 1914 Bologna, Italy
Founder Alfieri Maserati
Headquarters Modena, Italy
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Products Luxury vehicles
Production output
  • Increase 42,100 units (2016)
  • 32,474 units (2015)
Revenue
Number of employees
1100 (2013)
Parent Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, NV
Website Maserati.com
Footnotes / references

Maserati (Italian pronunciation: [mazeˈraːti]) is an Italianluxury vehicle manufacturer established on 1 December 1914, in Bologna. The Maserati tagline is “Luxury, sports and style cast in exclusive cars”, and the brand’s mission statement is to “Build ultra-luxury performance automobiles with timeless Italian style, accommodating bespoke interiors, and effortless, signature sounding power”.

poseidons%e2%80%85trident

The company’s headquarters are now in Modena, and its emblem is a trident. It has been owned by the Italian-American car giant Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) and FCA’s Italian predecessor Fiat S.p.A. since 1993. Maserati was initially associated with Ferrari S.p.A., which was also owned by FCA until being spun off in 2015, but more recently it has become part of the sports car group including Alfa Romeo and Abarth (see section below). In May 2014, due to ambitious plans and product launches, Maserati sold a record of over 3,000 cars. This caused them to increase production of the Quattroporte and Ghibli models. In addition to the Ghibli and Quattroporte, Maserati offers the Maserati GranTurismo, the GranTurismo Convertible, and has confirmed that it will be offering the Maserati Levante, the first Maserati SUV, in 2016, and the Maserati Alfieri, a new 2+2 in 2016. Maserati is placing a production output cap at 75,000 vehicles globally.

History

The Maserati brothers

The Maserati brothers, Alfieri, Bindo, Carlo, Ettore, and Ernesto were all involved with automobiles from the beginning of the 20th century. Alfieri, Bindo and Ernesto built 2-litre Grand Prix cars for Diatto. emblem-diattoIn 1926, Diatto suspended the production of race cars, leading to the creation of the first Maserati and the founding of the Maserati marque. One of the first Maseratis, driven by Alfieri, won the 1926 Targa Florio. Maserati began making race cars with 4, 6, 8 and 16 cylinders (two straight-eights mounted parallel to one another).1921-diatto-20-da-torpedo1921 Diatto 20 DA Torpedo

Piazza Maggiore‘s Neptune and his trident

The trident logo of the Maserati car company is based on the Fountain of Neptune in Bologna‘s Piazza Maggiore. In 1920, one of the Maserati brothers, artist Mario, used this symbol in the logo at the suggestion of family friend Marquis Diego de Sterlich. It was considered particularly appropriate for the sports car company due to fact that Neptune represents strength and vigour; additionally the statue is a characteristic symbol of the company’s original home city.

Alfieri Maserati died in 1932, but three other brothers, Bindo, Ernesto and Ettore, kept the firm going, building cars that won races.

Orsi ownership

In 1937, the remaining Maserati brothers sold their shares in the company to the Adolfo Orsi family, who in 1940, relocated the company headquarters to their home town of Modena, where it remains to this day. The brothers continued in engineering roles with the company. Racing successes continued, even against the giants of German racing, Auto Union and Mercedes. In back-to-back wins in 1939 and 1940, a1938-maserati-8ctf1938 Maserati 8CTF won the Indianapolis 500, the only Italian manufacturer ever to do so.

The war then intervened, Maserati abandoned car making to produce components for the Italian war effort. During this time, Maserati worked in fierce competition to construct a V16 town car for Benito Mussolini before Ferry Porsche of Volkswagen built one for Adolf Hitler. This failed, and the plans were scrapped. Once peace was restored, Maserati returned to making cars; the1947-54-maserati-a6g-2000-zagato-white-vl-tceMaserati A6 series did well in the post-war racing scene.

Key people joined the Maserati team. Alberto Massimino, an old Fiat engineer, with both Alfa Romeo and Ferrari experiences oversaw the design of all racing models for the next ten years. With him joined engineers Giulio Alfieri, Vittorio Bellentani, and Gioacchino Colombo. The focus was on the best engines and chassis to succeed in car racing. These new projects saw the last contributions of the Maserati brothers, who after their 10-year contract with Orsi expired went on to form O.S.C.A.. This new team at Maserati worked on several projects: the

EPSON scanner image
Maserati 4CLT,

the A6 series, the1950-maserati-8clt-31950 8CLT, and, pivotally for the future success of the company,maserati-a6gcs-200mastermaserati-a6gcs-spider-by-vignale-bmaserati-a6gcs-spider-by-vignale-amaserati-a6gcs-05amaserati-a6gcs-03a1946-50-maserati-a6gcs-01a-15001953-maserati-a6gcs-53-spyder-pininfarina1954-pininfarina-maserati-a6gcs-berlinetta-2060-021954-maserati-a6gcs-53-pininfarina-berlinetta1954-maserati-a6gcs-pininfarina-berlinetta1953-maserati-a6gcs-berlinetta-pinin-farina-20561954-maserati-a6gcs-berlinetta1954-pininfarina-maserati-a6gcs-berlinetta-2060-031954-pininfarina-maserati-a6gcs-berlinetta-2060-041954-maserati-a6gcs-pininfarina1953-maserati-a6gcs-frua-spider-pininfarina

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1954-maserati-a6gcs-1-maserati-a6-gcs-2000the A6GCS.

The famous Argentinian driver Juan-Manuel Fangio raced for Maserati for a number of years in the 1950s, producing a number of stunning victories including winning the world championship in 1957 in the Maserati 250F alongside Toulo de Graffenried, Louis Chiron, Prince Bira, Enrico Platé, and a few others. Other racing projects in the 1950s were the1957-maserati-200si1957 Maserati 200SI 200S,maserati-300sMaserati 300S 300S (with several famous pilots, among them Benoit Musy),maserati-350-s-open-sports-racingMaserati-350 S-Open Sports Racing 350S, and1957-maserati-450s1957 Maserati 450S 450S, followed in 1961 by the famous

1960-maserati-tipo-61-birdcage1960 Maserati Tipo 61-Birdcage Tipo 61.

Withdrawal from racing

Maserati retired from factory racing participation because of the Guidizzolo tragedy during the 1957 Mille Miglia, though they continued to build cars for privateers. Maserati became more and more focused on building road-going grand tourers.

The 1957 Maserati 3500 GT marked a turning point in the marque’s history, as its first ground-up grand tourer design and first series produced car. Production jumped from a dozen to a few hundreds cars a year. Chief engineer Giulio Alfieri took care of the project, and turned the 3.5 L inline-six engine from the 350S into a road engine. First launched with a 2+2 coupé aluminium body over Carrozzeria Touring‘s superleggera structure, a steel-bodied short wheelbase Vignale 3500 GT Convertibile open top version followed in 1960. The 3500 GT’s success, with over 2200 made, was critical to Maserati’s survival in the years that followed the withdrawal from racing.

The 3500 GT also provided the underpinnings for the

1959-64-maserati-5000-gt-allemano1962-maserati-5000gt-allemano1959-maserati-5000gtMaserati 5000 GT owned by The Shah of Persia, body by Carrozzeria Touring. 1959-maserati-5000-gt-touring1961-maserati-5000-gt-2dr-indianapolis-allemano-coupe-1959-19651963-maserati-5000-gt-ghia-coupe1963-maserati-5000-gt-coupe-allemano

small-volume V8-engined 5000 GT, another seminal car for Maserati. Born from the Shah of Persia‘s whim of owning a road car powered by the Maserati 450S racing engine, it became one of the fastest and most expensive cars of its days. From the third to the thirty-fourth and last example produced it housed Maserati’s first ever road-going V8 engine design.

1969-maserati-ghibli-green-coupeThe svelte Maseratie Ghibli Coupé

In 1962, the 3500 GT was evolved into the Sebring, bodied by Vignale and based on the Convertibile short chassis. Next, came1967-maserati-mistral-coupe-silverthe two-seater Mistral coupé in 19631964-maserati-mistral-spyder1964 Maserati Mistral Spyder and Spider in 1964, both six-cylinder powered and designed by Pietro Frua.

Also in 1963, the company’s first saloon car arrived,1965-maserati-quattroporte-frthe Maserati Quattroporte, designed by Frua as well. If the 5000 GT inaugurated the marque’s first road-going V8, the Quattroporte’s Tipo 107 4.2-litre DOHC V8 was the forefather of all Maserati V8s up to 1990.

The Ghia-designed Ghibli coupé was launched in 1967. It was powered by a 4.7L, dry sump version of Maserati’s quad cam V8. The Ghibli Spyder and 4.9-litre Ghibli SS followed.

Citroën ownership

In 1968, Maserati was taken over by French car manufacturer Citroën. Adolfo Orsi remained the nominal president, but Maserati changed a great deal. The relationship with Citroën started as a joint venture, made public in January 1968, in which Maserati would design and manufacture an engine for an upcoming Citroën flagship car, the Citroën SM. Launched in 1970, the SM was a four-seater front-wheel-drive coupé, powered by a Maserati Tipo C114 2.7 L 90° V6 engine. The V6 Maserati engine and its associated gearbox have been used in other vehicles such as Special Rally prepared Citroën DS, as used by Bob Neyret in Bandama Rally, and in the Ligier JS 2.

maserati-bora-yellowBora, the first mid-engined Maserati

With secure financial backing, new models were launched, and built in much greater numbers than before. Citroën borrowed Maserati expertise and engines for the Citroën SM and other vehicles, and Maseratis also incorporated Citroën technology, particularly in hydraulics. Engineer Giulio Alfieri was key to many of the ambitious designs of this period.

The first new arrival was the 1969 Maserati Indy—a Vignale-designed four seater GT with a traditional V8 drivetrain, which was produced in over 1100 units.

1969-74-maserati-indy-b1969-74-maserati-indy-a

In 1971, the Maserati Bora, was the first series production mid-engined Maserati, an idea agreed with Maserati administrator Guy Malleret shortly after the 1968 takeover. The Bora ended Maserati’s reputation for producing fast, but technologically out of date cars, being the first Maserati with four wheel independent suspension. In contrast, competitor Lamborghini had independent suspension in 1964.

In 1972, fitting a Tipo 114 SM-derived V6 enlarged to 3.0-litre into the Bora produced themaserati-merak-redmaserati-merak-006maserati-merak-ssmaserati-merak-2000-gt-ie-a-v6-tax-specialMaserati Merak.

Citroën never developed a 4-door version of the Citroën SM – instead Maserati developed1971-maserati-quattroporte-am121-pininfarinathe Maserati Quattroporte II that shared most mechanical parts with the SM, including the mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout, and six headlight layout.

To power this large car, Alfieri developed a V8 engine from the SM V6 with 260 PS (190 kW; 260 bhp) and fitted it to a lightly modified SM, proving that the chassis could easily handle the power increase. Citroën’s and Maserati’s financial difficulties hampered the type homologation process; the development costs for the stillborn saloon further aggravated Maserati’s situation. Only a dozen Quattroporte IIs were ever produced, all with the V6.

The replacement for the successful Ghibli was the Bertone-designed Maserati Khamsin,1973-maserati-khamsin-1maserati-khamsin-spyder-blkhamsin-copyd1978-maserati-khamsinmaserati-khamsin-spydersingle-copy-in-the-spyder-version-of-the-maserati-khamsin-was-producedprototype-maserati-khamsin-issued-by-carrozzeria-bertone1980-maserati-khamsin-white

OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA

1974-maserati-khamsin1977-maserati-khamsin-am120-supercar1975-maserati-khamsin1972-80-maserati-khamsin1977-maserati-khamsin-coupe1975-maserati-khamsin-am-120-22

1977 Maserati Khamsin
1977 Maserati Khamsin

1980-maserati-khamsina front-engined grand tourer that introduced in 1972 and produced from 1974; it married the traditional Maserati V8 GT layout with modern independent suspension, unibody construction and refined Citroën technologies such as DIRAVI power steering.

Crisis years

citroen-sm-c114-03-engine-011Tipo C114 Maserati V6 in a Citroën SM

Meanwhile, the 1973 oil crisis put the brakes on this ambitious expansion; demand for fuel-hungry sports cars shrank drastically. Austerity measures in Italy meant that the domestic market contracted by 60-70%. All of the main Italian GT car manufacturers were damaged, having to lay off workers in order to empty lots of unsold cars. Maserati received the hardest blow, as its home market sales accounted for over half of the total—in contrast, for example, with Ferrari‘s 20%. In this situation, the only Maserati that continued to sell in appreciable numbers was the smaller engined Merak.

In 1974, the 1973–75 recession at its climax, things took a turn for the worse. Citroën went bankrupt and its incorporation into PSA Peugeot Citroën begun. The year closed with domestic sales tumbling from 1973’s 360 to 150 units, and losses exceeding the share capital.

On 22 May 1975, a press release from the Citroën management announced all of a sudden that Maserati had been put into liquidation. The workforce immediately picketed the factory, but production was not halted. Trade unions, the mayor of Modena and local politicians mobilised to save the 800 jobs; industry ministerCarlo Donat-Cattin even flew to Paris to meet Citroën chairman Francois Rollier. An agreement was reached in June, after several meetings and assemblies. During one of these meetings, Citroën liquidators disclosed that a possible Italian buyer had showed up, and the name of de Tomaso was put forth for the first time. Citroën accepted to suspend liquidation as requested by the Italian government, which on its part guaranteed six months of special redundancy fund to pay the salaries.

De Tomaso era

On 8 August 1975, an agreement was signed at the Ministry of Industry in Rome, and property of Maserati passed from Citroën to Italian state-owned holding companyGEPI and Alejandro de Tomaso, an Argentinianindustrialist and former racing driver, who became president and CEO. As of December 1979, GEPI’s quota amounted to 88.75% of Maserati, the remaining 11.25% being controlled by De Tomaso through an holding which grouped his automotive interests in Maserati and Innocenti. Beginning in 1976, new models were introduced, sharing their underpinnings—but not their engines—with De Tomaso cars; first came the Kyalami grand tourer, derived from the De Tomaso Longchamp restyled by Frua and powered by Maserati’s V8. Following was1987-1990-maserati-quattroporte-iii-royale-pininfarina1986-maserati-quattroporte-iii-pininfarina-seen-in-nythe Italdesign Giugiaro-designed third generation Quattroporte, introduced in 1976 and put on sale in 1979. Bora sales dwindled down; Khamsin was discontinued between 1982 and 1983. Progressively stripped of its Citroën-derived parts, the Merak continued to sell over one hundred pieces a year, until 1982.

The Biturbo

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1985 Maserati Biturbo E, front left (US) A 1985 Maserati Biturbo

The 1980s saw the company largely abandoning the mid-engined sports car in favour of a compact front-engined, rear-drivecoupé, the Maserati Biturbo. Of fairly conventional construction, the Biturbo’s pleasure and pain was its twin-turbochargedV6 engine, the first ever in a production car. This engine, descending from Alfieri’s 90° V6, was fitted in a large number of models, all sharing key components; every new Maserati launched up to the 1990s would derive from the Biturbo. The Biturbo family was extremely successful at exploiting the aspirational image of the Maserati name—selling 40,000 units.

In 1983 and 1984, the range was extended to include saloons (the 425 and 420) and a cabriolet (the Zagato-bodied Spyder), respectively on a long and short wheelbase Biturbo platform.

During 1984, Chrysler bought a 5% share in the new company. Following an agreement between De Tomaso’s friend and Chrysler head Lee Iacocca, a joint venture was signed. Maserati would produce a car for export to the American market, the Chrysler TC by Maserati, with Chrysler-sourced engines. In July of that same year, a merger between Maserati and Nuova Innocenti was decided; it was carried out in 1985. Chrysler upped its stake to 15.6% by underwriting three quarters of a 75 billion Lire capital raise in 1986.

New Biturbo-based cars and model evolutions were launched year after year. In 1984, it was the 228, a large coupé built on the long wheelbase saloon chassis, with a new 2.8 L version of the twin-turbo V6. WeberFuel injection was phased in starting in 1986, bringing improved reliability and a host of new model variants. The same year, the ageing third generation Quattroporte was updated as the luxurious Maserati Royale, built to order in an handful of examples a year; its discontinuation in 1990 marked the disappearance of Maserati’s four-cam V8 engine, a design that could trace its roots back to the 450S racer and the legendary 5000 GT. In 1987, the 2.8-litre 430 topped the saloon range. 1988 brought the Maserati Karif 2.8-litre two-seater, based on the short wheelbase Spyder chassis. Meanwhile, the Biturbo name was dropped altogether, as updated coupés and saloons were updated became the 222 and 422. 1989 marked the reintroduction of an eight-cylinder grand tourer: the Maserati Shamal, built on a modified short wheelbase Biturbo bodyshell, clad in new muscular bodywork by Marcello Gandini. It was powered by an all-new twin-turbo 32-valve V8 engine paired to a 6-speed gearbox. Two-litre, 24-valve engines also debuted.

De Tomaso-Fiat years

In October 1989, De Tomaso bought the remaining Gepi quota. In December, Fiat entered in Maserati’s history. Maserati and Innocenti were separated; Innocenti Milano S.p.A., the company that sold Innocenti cars, continued its business under a 51% Fiat Auto ownership. All of the Modena and Lambrate plants went to a newly created company, the still extant Maserati S.p.A.; 49% of it was owned by Fiat Auto and 51% was controlled by De Tomaso through the old company, Officine Alfieri Maserati.

In the early Nineties, a mid-engined sports car was developed, the Maserati Chubasco—which was to début in 1992. It featured Gandini-designed body, a V8 powertrain and a backbone chassis. The project was cancelled, as it proved too expensive. Starting in 1990, the entire range received a facelift by Marcello Gandini, on the lines of the Shamal’s styling. The last version of the Biturbo coupé proper was called Maserati Racing. It was a transitional model in which several features to be found on the upcoming Ghibli were tested.

The Maserati Ghibli was introduced in 1992. It was a six-cylinder coupé, with modified Biturbo underpinnings dressed by new Gandini bodywork (toned down from the Shamal) and the latest evolution of the 24-valve twin-turbo V6 with record breaking specific output. The underpinnings of the stillborn Chubasco gave birth to the Maserati Barchetta, a small open top mid-engine sports car styled by Synthesis Design (Carlo Gaino). A one-make racing series was held in 1992 and 1993, using the Barchetta Corsa racing version; the road-going Barchetta Stradale was never put into production. Just 17 Barchetta examples were produced. Between 1992 and 1994 all models save for the Ghibli and Shamal were progressively discontinued.

Fiat ownership

On 19 May 1993, 17 years after having rescued it from liquidation, Alejandro De Tomaso sold its 51% stake in Maserati to Fiat, which became the sole owner. Substantial investments were made in Maserati, and it has since undergone something of a renaissance.

In 1998, a new chapter began in Maserati’s history when the company launched the 3200 GT. This two-door coupé is powered by a 3.2 L twin-turbocharged V8 derived from the Shamal engine, which produces 370 hp (276 kW).

Over two decades after the ill-fated Chrysler TC by Maserati during Chrysler’s brief ownership stake in Maserati, the two companies became interconnected again when Fiat purchased majority control of Chrysler in 2011 as a result of Chrysler’s bankruptcy.

Ferrari

In July 1997, Fiat sold a 50% share in the company to Maserati’s long-time arch-rival Ferrari (Ferrari itself being owned by Fiat). In 1999, Ferrari took full control, making Maserati its luxury division. A new factory was built, replacing the existing 1940s-vintage facility. Ferrari is credited for bringing Maserati back into business, after many lacklustre years of Maserati teetering on the brink of bankruptcy.

The last links to the de Tomaso era were cut in 2002, when the 3200 GT was replaced by the Maserati Coupé and Spyder; evolved from the 3200, these cars ditched its twin-turbocharged V8 for an all-new, naturally aspirated, dry sump 4.2-litre V8 with a transaxle gearbox. In turn Coupé and Spyder were replaced by the GranTurismo and GranCabrio.

Meanwhile, two new models have been shown to the public: the MC12 road supersports and successful GT racer with a Ferrari Enzo–derived chassis and engine and the new Quattroporte, a high luxury saloon with the 4.2l V8 engine. Nowadays, Maserati is back in business and successfully selling on a global basis. In 2001, Ferrari decided to throw away all the old tooling and installed high-tech devices in the Modena factory, making it one of the most advanced in the world.

Since early 2002, Maserati once again entered the United States market, which has quickly become for Maserati the largest market worldwide. The company has also re-entered the racing arena with their Trofeo and, in December 2003, the Maserati MC12 (formerly known as the MCC), which was developed according to FIA GT regulations and has since competed with great success in the world FIA GT championship, winning the teams championship three consecutive times from 2005 to 2007. The MC12 has also been raced in various national GT championship as well as in the American Le Mans series. The MC12 is based on the Enzo Ferrari sports car; 50 street-legal homologation models (roadsters and coupés) have been sold for about US$700,000 each.

The Maserati and Alfa Romeo Group under Fiat Group

The Maserati and Alfa Romeo group, under Fiat Group, started in 2005, when Maserati was split off from Ferrari and partnered with Alfa Romeo. On 9 June 2005 the 20,000th Maserati, a Quattroporte, left the factory. In the second quarter of 2007, Maserati made profit for the first time in 17 years under Fiat ownership.

On January 22, 2010, Fiat announced that it had created a new partnership/brand group for Alfa Romeo, Maserati, and Abarth. The group was led by Harald J. Wester, the current CEO of Maserati. Sergio Marchionne said that “[the] purpose of bringing the Alfa Romeo, Maserati and Abarth brands under the same leadership is to emphasize and leverage the value of the shared qualities of the three brands in terms of their sporting characteristics and performance.” Abarth stayed under Wester’s leadership until 2013, leaving Maserati and Alfa Romeo in the brand group, led by Wester. Although Maserati and Alfa Romeo are in a brand group, Alfa Romeo is structured under FCA Italy S.p.A., which itself is structured under FCA, whereas Maserati is structured solely under FCA. In addition, in an interview with Wester in 2015, he clarified that his “role at Maserati is different from that in the Alfa Romeo as the latter is better integrated into the Fiat Group” and that “the new Alfa car won’t share any parts with the current Maserati model. I’m not planning any technical merging of these two makes.”

In 2013, Maserati started its expansion with the sixth-generation Maserati Quattroporte, which was designed to better compete with the Mercedes-Benz S-Class. This was followed by the introduction of the Ghibli, which was slated to compete against the Mercedes-Benz E-Class and BMW 5-series. On May 6, 2014, Maserati confirmed production of the Levante SUV and the Alfieri (previously a 2+2 concept sports car that was named after Alfieri Maserati). At this event, it was revealed that 2014 will be the last year of production for the GranTurismo and GranTurismo Convertible, although production of the GranTurismo was extended until 2016, with a new GranTurismo still being unveiled in 2018. In a 2015 interview, Harald J. Wester said that there was room for a future sports car, positioned above the Alfieri.

Along with their expansion, Maserati started their re-entrance into the high-performance car field, in order to compete with brands such as Mercedes-AMG, BMW M, Porsche, Jaguar, and in certain cases, Ferrari. This is being done with Maseratis that have higher output engines, higher performance components, and better handling. The fastest Maserati Alfieri will be receiving a 520 bhp (388 kW; 527 PS) V6 with all-wheel drive, while the Quattroporte, Ghibli, and Levante are receiving 560 bhp (418 kW; 568 PS) V8s in the future with all-wheel drive, in order to better compete with their respective AMGs, M cars, Jaguars, and Porsches. The Maserati Alfieri will be competitive against the Mercedes-AMG GT, Porsche 911, Jaguar F-Type R, and even the Ferrari California T in terms of performance. The replacement for the GranTurismo, to be presented in 2018, will have a 560 bhp (418 kW; 568 PS) V8. The high performance all wheel drive version of the Ghibli (as mentioned above) will likely wear a GTS badge. For the Quattroporte, this will be a replacement for the GTS version (with increased power and all wheel drive, as mentioned above).

In addition, Harald J. Wester stated that Maserati is experimenting with plug-in hybrid powertrains, and that one will be offered in the second half of 2017 in the Levante SUV. By 2018, the base Ghibli will receive a performance upgrade 350 bhp (261 kW; 355 PS), and the Ghibli S Q4 to 450 bhp (336 kW; 456 PS).

2014-100-years-maserati-at-autoworld-brusselsThe 2014 Maserati lineup, as shown at the 100th Year Anniversary in Autoworld Brussels From left to right: Maserati GranCabrio Sport, Maserati Ghibli III and Maserati Quattroporte Series VI

Maserati sales in 2013 were 15,400 units, which is up from just over 6,000 units worldwide in 2012 (2013 included the release of the new Quattroporte and Ghibli towards the end of the year, and thus the first year to fully represent the sales inclusive of these models is 2014). In May, 2014, Maserati sold a company record of over 3,000 cars worldwide, causing them to increase production of the Ghibli and Quattroporte. For that same month in the United States, Maserati sold 1,114 vehicles, which is up 406.19% over the same month in the previous year in the United States. Maserati’s best month of sales in the United States was September 2014, with 1,318 units sold. The month in 2014 where the increase on sales for the same month of the previous year was the highest was May, with a volume increase of 406.19%. The sales target for 2018 is 75,000 units worldwide.

2014 marked an historic record of 13,411 total units sold in North America for the year, a 169% increase versus 2013, boasting the highest-ever overall sales year for Maserati North America, Inc. Worldwide, in 2014 Maserati sold about 36,500 cars, a 136% increase over 2013. Harald J. Wester stated that Maserati will not surpass the 70,000 sales per year mark, and that Maserati will maintain its current position in the higher end of the luxury sports car market, not expanding downmarket and making vehicles smaller and less expensive than the Ghibli and Levante (such as those similar to the Audi Q5 and Mercedes-Benz C-Class), as other FCA brands, specifically Alfa Romeo, are or will be in those market spaces.

Since 2009, Marco Tencone (born 1967) has been the head designer of Maserati cars.

Automobiles

See List of Maserati vehicles for a complete historical list

Maserati Quattroporte

Main article: Maserati Quattroporte

Italian for “four-door,” the Maserati Quattroporte is a sportingluxury saloon. The sixth generation Maserati Quattroporte was introduced in 2013. The Quattroporte is currently available in S Q4, GTS and Diesel trim. The S Q4 has an advanced four wheel drive system, and a 404-horsepower twin-turbo V6. The GTS is rear wheel drive, and has a 523-horsepower V8. A Quattroporte Diesel model is offered on selected markets, making 275 horsepower (250 hp in Italy) and 442 ft-lbs of torque. The sixth-generation Quattroporte has grown in size in order to better compete with the roomier luxury saloons like the Mercedes-Benz S-Class.

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By 2018, the Quattroporte S Q4 will be upgraded to produce 450 bhp (336 kW; 456 PS) from its V6, and the GTS to produce 560 bhp (418 kW; 568 PS) horsepower from its V8, both with all-wheel drive (for the V8 to increase performance).

Maserati Ghibli

The first presentation of this car was on 20 April 2013 in Shanghai. It is a sporting/luxury executive saloon that competes against the BMW 5 Series, Mercedes E-Class or Audi A6. This new model is expected to be key in order to reach the ambitious target sales of 50,000 cars a year by 2015, and 75,000 by 2018. The car, along with the new Quattroporte, is built in the Italian factory of Grugliasco, Turin (former Bertone). The base Ghibli comes with 330 horsepower, the Ghibli Diesel with 275 horsepower (also 250 in Italy only), and the Ghibli S Q4 with 410 horsepower. By 2018, the base Ghibli will have 350 horsepower, the S Q4 450 horsepower, and a higher performance version (likely GTS) which will have 560 bhp (418 kW; 568 PS) and all-wheel drive.

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Maserati GranTurismo and GranCabrio

Main article: Maserati GranTurismo

The Maserati GranTurismo is a grand tourer introduced in 2007. The GranTurismo has a 4.7-litre V8, making 454 bhp (339 kW; 460 PS) in Sport form and MC form. A convertible (GranCabrio) version is also available in standard, Sport, and MC form. The final production year for the Maserati GranTurismo is scheduled to be 2014, but it will be revived in 2018 with a 560 bhp (418 kW; 568 PS) V8, again in rear wheel drive form.

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Maserati Levante

Main article: Maserati Levante

The Maserati Levante is a crossover SUV due to be released in 2014. It has been anticipated with the Maserati Kubang concept SUV in September 2003 at the Frankfurt Motor Show and again in 2011. It was announced, at the Paris Motor Show held in Paris in September 2012. The Levante will be assembled in Mirafiori Plant, in Turin. It was confirmed on May 6, 2014. The Levante 3.0L V6 will be offered in either 350 or 425 horsepower states of tune, with a 3.8L V8 producing 560 bhp (418 kW; 568 PS) down the road, due in 2018. All models will have all-wheel drive.2011-maserati-kubang-rear2011-maserati-kubang-concept2003-maserati-kubang-gt-wagon-italdesign-d2003-maserati-kubang-gt-wagon-italdesign-c2003-maserati-kubang-gt-wagon-italdesign-b2003-maserati-kubang-gt-wagon-italdesign-a2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_242011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_232011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_222011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_212011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_202011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_192011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_182011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_172011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_162011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_152011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_142011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_132011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_122011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_112011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_102011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_092011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_082011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_072011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_062011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_052011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_042011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_032011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_022011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_012011_maserati_kubang_concept_032011_maserati_kubang_concept_022011_maserati_kubang_concept_01

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Maserati Alfieri

Main article: Maserati Alfieri

The Maserati Alfieri was a concept 2+2 presented at the Geneva Motor Show in 2014. The concept was based off the lighter chassis of the GranTurismo MC Stradale, although it had a shorter wheelbase. The concept was introduced with a 4.7 liter V8 producing 460 bhp (343 kW; 466 PS).

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The Alfieri was confirmed for production in 2016 at a Fiat Chrysler Automobiles event on May 6, 2014. The production version will receive three different V6 engine choices, producing 410 bhp (306 kW; 416 PS), 450 bhp (336 kW; 456 PS), and 520 bhp (388 kW; 527 PS), respectively. The 450 horsepower and 520 horsepower versions will only have an all-wheel drive system. The Alfieri will be joined by an Alfieri convertible in 2017.

Throughout its history, Maserati has participated in various forms of motorsports including Formula One, sportscar racing and touring car racing, both as a works team and through private entrants.

Maserati developed fifteen GranTurismo MC racecars, homologated for the European Cup and National Endurance Series, one of which was raced by GT motorsport organization Cool Victory in Dubai in January, 2010.

Only Pictures from the WWW:

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-L'auto e la prima Maserati con carrozzeria di Pininfarina. -L'eleganza della linea e arricchita dai fari anteriori a scomparsa e dal tetto in plexiglass azionati elettricamente. - La vettura fu presentata al Salone dell'Automobile di Ginevra lo stesso anno. - Prototipo
-L’auto e la prima Maserati con carrozzeria di Pininfarina.
-L’eleganza della linea e arricchita dai fari anteriori a scomparsa e dal tetto in plexiglass azionati elettricamente.
– La vettura fu presentata al Salone dell’Automobile di Ginevra lo stesso anno.
– Prototipo

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OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA
OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA

1980-maserati-khamsin-white 1980-maserati-khamsin 1983%e2%86%921989-maserati-425

ZAMAL1108FB314598
ZAMAL1108FB314598

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2009-maserati-granturismo-mc-corse-concept-a 2009-maserati-granturismo-mc-corse-concept-b 2009-maserati-granturismo-mc-corse-concept-c 2009-maserati-granturismo-mc-corse-concept-d 2009-maserati-granturismo-mc-corse-concept-e 2009-maserati-granturismo-mc-corse-concept-f 2009-maserati-granturismo-mc-corse-concept-g 2009-maserati-granturismo-v8 2010-maserati-granturismo-convertible-a 2010-maserati-granturismo-convertible-b 2010-maserati-granturismo-s 2011-maserati-grancabrio-fendi 2011-maserati-grancabrio-sport-melbourne-ims-2011 2011-maserati-granturismo-mc-stradale 2011-maserati-granturismo-s-automatic 2011-maserati-kubang-concept 2011-maserati-kubang-rear 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_01 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_02 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_03 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_01 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_02 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_03 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_04 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_05 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_06 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_07 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_08 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_09 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_10 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_11 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_12 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_13 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_14 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_15 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_16 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_17 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_18 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_19 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_20 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_21 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_22 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_23 2011_maserati_kubang_concept_design-sketch_24 2012-maserati-granturismo-france 2012-maserati-granturismo-s-mc-sport-line 2012-maserati-granturismo 2012-maserati-quattroporte-pininfarina-v 2012-maserati-touring-superleggera-bellagio-pininfarina-fastback-at-salon-prive 2013-maserati-ghibli-iii-world-premiere 2013-maserati-granturismo-mc-stradale-in-nancy 2013-maserati-granturismo-s-mc-sport-line 2013-maserati-granturismo-sport-b 2013-maserati-granturismo-sport-pininfarina 2014-100-years-maserati-at-autoworld-brussels 2014-maserati-alfieri-concept 2014-maserati-alfieri 2014-maserati-ghibli-iii-q4-front-left-view 2014-maserati-ghibli-s-q4-us-model-iii 2014-maserati-mondial-de-lautomobile-de-paris 2014_maserati_alfieri_concept_02 2014_maserati_alfieri_concept_03 2014_maserati_alfieri_concept_04 2014_maserati_alfieri_concept_05 2014_maserati_alfieri_concept_06 2014_maserati_alfieri_concept_07 2014_maserati_alfieri_concept_design-sketch_01 2014_maserati_alfieri_concept_design-sketch_02 2014_maserati_alfieri_concept_design-sketch_03 2014_maserati_alfieri_concept_design-sketch_04 2014_maserati_alfieri_concept_interior_02 2015-maserati-alfieri 2015-maserati-quattroporte-pininfarina-vi16810746390 2015-maserati-quattroporte-vi 2015-zagato-maserati-mostro-01 2015-zagato-maserati-mostro-02 2015-zagato-maserati-mostro-03 2015-zagato-maserati-mostro-04 2015-zagato-maserati-mostro-05 2015-zagato-maserati-mostro-06 2015-zagato-maserati-mostro-07 2015-zagato-maserati-mostro-08 2015-zagato-maserati-mostro-design-sketch-01 2015-zagato-maserati-mostro-design-sketch-02 2016-maserati-grancabrio 2016-maserati-levante-m157-luxury-wagon 2016-maserati-levante-geneva 2016-maserati-red 2016-17-maserati-levante 2017-maserati-granturismo-convertible-sport-2d-convertible-a 2017-maserati-granturismo-convertible-sport-2d-convertible-b 2017-maserati-granturismo-convertible-sport-2d-convertible-c 2017-maserati-granturismo-convertible-sport-2d-convertible-d 2017-maserati-granturismo-convertible-sport-2d-convertible-e alfa-romeo-typ-8c-monza-vl-ems citroen-sm-c114-03-engine-011 emblem-diatto engine-bay-of-a-v6-petrol-ghibli face-lifted-maserati-quattroporte-pininfarina

8-bit grayscale flat JPEG file, 3543x2334 pixels (11.81x7.78 inches) @ 300.00 pixels/inch, written by Adobe Photoshop CS
8-bit grayscale flat JPEG file, 3543×2334 pixels (11.81×7.78 inches) @ 300.00 pixels/inch, written by Adobe Photoshop CS

four-maserati-brothers khamsin-copyd maserati-6-cm maserati-6g maserati-8cm-at-goodwood-fos-2012 maserati-250-f-red-v-tce maserati-250fs-maserati-250f-engine maserati-300s maserati-3200-gt-coupe maserati-3500-vignale-spyder maserati-5000gt-the-shah-of-persia-body-by-carrozzeria%e2%80%85touring maserati-a6-gcs-berlinetta-also-elected-maserati-of-the-century-and-the-maserati-quattroporte maserati-a6-gcs-53-berlinetta-pininfarina-via-spiriteddrive maserati-a6g-2000-by-frua maserati-a6g-cskgjhkgthjg maserati-a6gcm-1 maserati-a6gcm maserati-a6gcs-200master maserati-a6gcs-spider-by-vignale-a maserati-a6gcs-spider-by-vignale-b maserati-a6gcs-03a maserati-a6gcs-05a maserati-auge-concept-a maserati-auge-concept-b maserati-auge-concept-c maserati-auge-concept-d maserati-auge-concept-e maserati-birdcage maserati-biturbo-titan-l maserati-bora-yellow maserati-bora maserati-cabrio-white maserati-coupe-vl-blue maserati-funeral-car-hearse-see-emblem maserati-funeral-car-hearse maserati-gran-cabrio-goodwood maserati-grancabrio-designed-by-pininfarina maserati-granturismo-designed-by-pininfarina maserati-indianapolis maserati-khamsin-spyder-bl maserati-khamsin-spyder

1977 Maserati Khamsin
1977 Maserati Khamsin

maserati-kyalami-rear maserati-mc12 maserati-merak-006 maserati-merak-2000-gt-ie-a-v6-tax-special maserati-merak-red maserati-merak-ss maserati-quattroporte-4 maserati-quattroporte-evoluzione-3 maserati-quattroporte-pininfarina-iv-2 maserati-quattroporte-sport-gt-s maserati-quattroporte-sport-pininfarina-gt maserati-quattroporte-trident-001 maserati-quattroporte-v maserati-quattroporte4saksamaa maserati-tipo-26-sport-road-racing maserati maserati_1430141907_280 maserati_logo-svg maserati-250f-05 maserati-250f-06 maserati-350-s-open-sports-racing maserati-450s-costin-zagato-coupe maserati-3200-02 maserati-3200-05 maserati-4200-03 maserati-4200-04 maserati-4200-05 maserati-a6gcs-53-pinin-farina-berlinetta-48321 maserati-birdcage-01 maserati-birdcage-02 maserati-biturbo-01 maserati-bora-02 maserati-bora-08 maserati-ghibli-02 maserati-grancabrio-06 maserati-grancabrio-08 maserati-gransport-02 maserati-gransport-03 maserati-gransport-06 maserati-gransport-08 maserati-gt-03 maserati-gt-05 maserati-gt-06 maserati-gt-08 maserati-khamsin maserati-khamsin-09 maserati-khamsin-10 maserati-khamsin-t-top-08 maserati-mc12-02

http://www.autogaleria.hu -
http://www.autogaleria.hu

maserati-merak-07 maserati-mexico-03 maserati-mexico-04 maserati-mexico-07 maserati-mistral-04 maserati-shamal-06 masserati-tipo-61-birdcage poseidons%e2%80%85trident prototype-maserati-khamsin-issued-by-carrozzeria-bertone single-copy-in-the-spyder-version-of-the-maserati-khamsin-was-produced

See also

Notes

  1. Jump up^ Near the town of Guidizzolo, a 4.2-litre Ferrari travelling at 250 km/h blew a tire and crashed into the roadside crowd, killing the driver, co-driver, and ten spectators, including five children. In response, Enzo Ferrari was charged with manslaughter in a lengthy criminal prosecution that was finally dismissed in 1961.
  2. Jump up^ Gepi, or Società per le Gestioni e Partecipazioni Industriali, was a holding company owned by state enterprises, whose intended purpose was to assume control of privately owned companies in difficulty and to resell them once restructured. De Tomaso had carried out similar recovery operations with aid from Gepi in the previous years, notably for the Benelli and Guzzi motorcycle companies—which at the time he controlled.

Citations

  1. Jump up^ “Annual Report 2013”. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. 19 February 2014.
  2. ^ Jump up to:a b FCA FY 2016 Results (PDF), Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, 26 January 2017, p. 14, retrieved 7 February 2017
  3. ^ Jump up to:a b c “Company history”. maserati.com. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  4. Jump up^ “Maserati: Luxury, sports and style cast in exclusive cars”. maserati.us. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  5. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f “Maserati 5-year plan” (pdf). fcagroup.com. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  6. Jump up^ “Maserati ramping up production of Ghibli, Quattroporte”. autoblog.com. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  7. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k “Maserati confirms Levante SUV for 2015, Alfieri for 2016”. autoblog.com. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  8. Jump up^ “Maserati to cap output at 75,000 cars”. autoblog.com. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  9. Jump up^ “Maserati | 100 Years | History Timeline”. Maserati100.com. Maserati. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  10. Jump up^ “Maserati e Citroën firmano un accordo di collaborazione”. La Stampa (in Italian). 17 January 1968. p. 12. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  11. Jump up^ Wan, Mark. “Maserati Bora and Merak”.
  12. Jump up^ Robinson, Aaron (November 2002). “1967 Maserati Ghibli”. Car & Driver.
  13. Jump up^ “1973 Maserati Bora and Merak – Motor Trend Classic”. Motor Trend. 22 January 2013.
  14. Jump up^ “Maserati Quattroporte 2”. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015.
  15. Jump up^ “1974 Citroën SM V8: A Mystery No More”. Autoweek.
  16. Jump up^ De Vito, Antonio (25 January 1974). “Maserati: i sindacati chiedono di “riconvertire gli impianti””. La Stampa (in Italian). p. 13. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  17. ^ Jump up to:a b Fenu, Michele (15 March 1974). “Feisal ha comprato in due minuti una berlinetta “Boxer” Ferrari”. La Stampa (in Italian). p. 13. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  18. Jump up^ Santini, Francesco (24 May 1975). “Modena per la “Maserati””. La Stampa (in Italian). pp. 1–2. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  19. Jump up^ “La liquidazione Maserati, Citroën accetta il rinvio”. La Stampa (in Italian). 11 June 1975. p. 12. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  20. Jump up^ Santini, Francesco (28 May 1975). “Gruppo italiano in trattativa per comprare la “Maserati””. La Stampa (in Italian). p. 15. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  21. Jump up^ “Maserati, c’è l’accordo”. La Stampa (in Italian). 9 August 1975. p. 2. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  22. ^ Jump up to:a b “Fangio Remembered, 50 years after historic Nuerburgring victory”. edition.cnn.com. CNN. 28 August 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2007.
  23. Jump up^ Venturi, Alfredo (15 December 1979). “La rivolta sindacale alla Maserati: “Un’ambigua manovra che è già fallita””. La Stampa (in Italian). p. 9. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  24. Jump up^ Sabatini, Valerio (15 December 1981). “Maserati, due turbo nel motore”. La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2015.
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References

  • Tabucchi, Maurizio (March 2003). Maserati: The Grand Prix: Sports and GT Cars Model by Model, 1926–2003. ISBN 88-7911-260-0.

External links

PININFARINA Italian design house and coachbuilder

Pininfarina

Pininfarina S.p.A.
Società per Azioni
Traded as BITPINF
Industry Automotive
Founded Torino, Italy (May 23, 1930)
Founder Battista Farina
Headquarters Cambiano, Italy
Key people
Services Automotive design
€32.9 million (2012)
Number of employees
821 (2012)
Parent Mahindra Group (76.06%)
Website www.pininfarina.com
pininfarina-design-center-exteriorPininfarina Design Center

Pin­in­fa­rina S.p.A. (short for Carozze­ria Pin­in­fa­rina) is an Ital­ian car de­sign firm and coach­builder in Cam­biano, Italy. It was founded by Bat­tista ”Pinin” Fa­rina in 1930.On De­cem­ber 14, 2015, Mahin­dra Group, ac­quired Pin­in­fa­rina S.p.A. in a deal worth about 168 mil­lion euros ($185 million).

Pin­in­fa­rina is em­ployed by a wide va­ri­ety of au­to­mo­bile man­u­fac­tures to de­sign ve­hi­cles. These firms have in­cluded long-es­tab­lished cus­tomers such as Fer­rari, Alfa Romeo, Peu­geot, FIAT, GM, Lan­cia, and Maserati, to emerg­ing com­pa­nies in the Asian mar­ket with Chi­nese man­u­fac­tures like AviChina, Chery, Changfeng, Bril­liance, and JAC and Ko­rean man­u­fac­tur­ers Dae­woo and Hyundai.

Since the 1980s Pin­in­fa­rina has also de­signed high-speed trains, buses, trams, rolling stocks, au­to­mated light rail cars, peo­ple movers, yachts, air­planes, and pri­vate jets. With the 1986 cre­ation of Pin­in­fa­rina Extra they have con­sulted on in­dus­trial de­sign, in­te­rior de­sign, ar­chi­tec­ture, and graphic design.

Pin­in­fa­rina was run by Bat­tista’s son Ser­gio Pin­in­fa­rina until 2001, then his grand­son An­drea Pin­in­fa­rina until his death in 2008. After An­drea’s death his younger brother Paolo Pin­in­fa­rina was ap­pointed as CEO.

At its height in 2006 the Pin­in­fa­rina Group em­ployed 2,768 with sub­sidiary com­pany of­fices through­out Eu­rope, as well as in Mo­rocco and the United States. As of 2012 with the end of se­ries au­to­mo­tive pro­duc­tion, em­ploy­ment has shrunk to 821. Pin­in­fa­rina is reg­is­tered and pub­licly traded on the Borsa Ital­iana (Milan Stock Exchange).

On De­cem­ber 14, 2015, Mahin­dra Group, an­nounced a deal to ac­quire Pin­in­fa­rina S.p.A. in a deal worth about 168 mil­lion euros ($185 million).

History

The days as a specialist coachbuilder

When au­to­mo­bile de­signer and builder Bat­tista ”Pinin” Fa­rina broke away from his brother’s coach build­ing firm, Sta­bil­i­menti Fa­rina, in 1928 he founded “Car­rozze­ria Pinin Fa­rina” with fi­nan­cial help from his wife’s fam­ily and Vin­cenzo Lan­cia. That first year the firm em­ployed eigh­teen and built 50 au­to­mo­bile bodies.

On May 22, 1930 pa­pers were filed to be­come a cor­po­ra­tion, So­cietà anon­ima Car­rozze­ria Pinin Farina head­quar­tered in Turin, Italy, at 107 Corso Trapani. Dur­ing the 1930s, the com­pany built bod­ies for Lan­cia, Alfa Romeo, Isotta-Fras­chini, His­pano Suiza, Fiat, Cadil­lac, and Rolls-Royce. With its close re­la­tion­ship with Lan­cia, the pi­o­neer of the mono­coque in au­to­mo­bile de­sign, Pin­in­fa­rina be­came the first coach­builder to build bod­ies for the new tech­nique also known as uni­body con­struc­tion. This de­vel­op­ment hap­pened in the mid-1930s when oth­ers saw the frame­less con­struc­tion as the end of the in­de­pen­dent coachbilder.

In 1939, World War II ended au­to­mo­bile pro­duc­tion, but the com­pany had 400 em­ploy­ees build­ing 150 bod­ies a month. The war ef­fort against the Al­lies brought work mak­ing am­bu­lances and search­light carriages. The Pin­in­fa­rina fac­tory was de­stroyed by Al­lied bombers end­ing the firm’s operations.

After World War II

cisitalia-202-museo-torinoCisitalia 202 – Museo Torino
nash-healey-roadster-blackNash-Healey roadster

After the war, Italy was banned from the 1946 Paris Motor Show. The Paris show was at­tended by 809,000 vis­i­tors (twice the pre-war fig­ure), lines of peo­ple stretched from the main gate all the way to the Seine. Pinin Fa­rina and his son Ser­gio, de­ter­mined to defy the ban, drove two of their cars – an Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 S and a Lan­cia Aprilia cabri­o­let – from Turin to Paris, and found a place at the en­trance to the ex­hi­bi­tion to dis­play the two new cre­ations. The man­agers of the Grand Palais said of the dis­play, “the devil Pin­in­fa­rina”, but to the press and the pub­lic it was the suc­cess­ful “Turin coach­builder’s anti-salon”.

At the end of 1945 the Cisi­talia 202 Coupé was de­signed. An el­e­gantly pro­por­tioned de­sign with a low hood, it is the car that usu­ally is given credit for es­tab­lish­ing Pin­in­fa­rina’s reputation. The Pin­in­fa­rina de­sign was hon­ored in the Mu­seum of Mod­ern Art’s land­mark pre­sen­ta­tion “Eight Au­to­mo­biles” in 1951. A total of 170 Coupés where pro­duced by Pininfarina.

The pub­lic­ity of the Mu­seum of Mod­ern Art ex­hibit brought Pin­in­fa­rina to the at­ten­tion of Nash-Kelv­ina­tor man­agers. The sub­se­quent co­op­er­a­tion with Nash Mo­tors re­sulted in high-vol­ume pro­duc­tion of Pin­in­fa­rina de­signs and pro­vided a major entry into the United States mar­ket. In 1952, Mr. Fa­rina vis­ited the U.S. for the un­veil­ing of his de­sign for the Nash Am­bas­sador and States­man lines, which, al­though they did carry some de­tails of Pin­in­fa­rina’s de­sign, were largely de­signed by Nash’s then-new in-house styling staff when the orig­i­nal Fa­rina-de­signed model proved un­suited to Amer­i­can tastes, ex­hibit­ing a pop­u­lar 1950s ap­pear­ance called “pon­ton“. The Nash-Healey sports car body was, how­ever, com­pletely de­signed and as­sem­bled in lim­ited num­bers from 1952 to 1954 at Pin­in­fa­rina’s Turin fa­cil­i­ties. Nash heav­ily ad­ver­tised its link to the fa­mous Ital­ian de­signer, much as Stude­baker pro­moted its long­time as­so­ci­a­tion with Ray­mond Loewy. As a re­sult of Nash’s $5 mil­lion ad­ver­tis­ing cam­paign, Pin­in­fa­rina be­came well known in the U.S.

Pin­in­fa­rina also built the bod­ies for the lim­ited-se­ries Cadil­lac El­do­rado Brougham for Gen­eral Mo­tors in 1959 and 1960, as­sem­bled them and sent them back to the U.S. There were 99 Broughams built in 1959 and 101 in 1960. A sim­i­lar arrange­ment was re­peated in the late 1980s when Pin­in­fa­rina de­signed (and par­tially as­sem­bled) the Cadil­lac Al­lanté at the San Giusto Canavese fac­tory. The car bod­ies were as­sem­bled and painted in Italy be­fore being flown from the Turin In­ter­na­tional Air­port to De­troit for final ve­hi­cle assembly.

The Ferrari partnership

It started in 1951 with a meet­ing at a restau­rant in Tor­tona, a small town halfway be­tween Turin and Mod­ena. This neu­tral ter­ri­tory was cho­sen be­cause nei­ther Pin­in­fa­rina nor Enzo Fer­rari wanted to meet at the other’s head­quar­ters. Pinin’s son, Ser­gio Pin­in­fa­rina re­called, “It is not dif­fi­cult to imag­ine how I felt that af­ter­noon when my fa­ther, with­out tak­ing his eyes off the road for one mo­ment told me his de­ci­sion as we drove back to Turin: “From now on you’ll be look­ing after Fer­rari, from A to Z. De­sign, en­gi­neer­ing, tech­nol­ogy, con­struc­tion—the lot!”—I was over the moon with hap­pi­ness.” “

Since that meet­ing the only road-go­ing pro­duc­tion Fer­raris not de­signed by Pin­in­fa­rina are the 1973 Dino 308 GT4 and 2013’s LaFerrari. Their re­la­tion­ship was so close that Pin­in­fa­rina be­came a part­ner of Fer­rari in “Scud­e­ria Fer­rari SpA SEFAC”, the or­ga­ni­za­tion that ran Fer­rari’s race team from 1961–1989, Pinin was a vice pres­i­dent of Ferrari, and Ser­gio later sat on Fer­rari’s board of directors.

The move to large-scale manufacturing

alfa-romeo-giulietta-spiderParis – Mondial de l’automobile 2010 – Alfa Roméo Giulietta Spider

In 1954 to 1955 Pin­in­fa­rina pur­chased land in Grugliasco, out­side of Turin, for a new fac­tory. “The fac­tory in no way would look like the one of Corso Tra­pani. It would be a car no longer on my mea­sure­ments but on those of my chil­dren, built look­ing like them; I had this in mind and wanted it,” said Pininfarina.

Around the same time, Alfa Romeo ac­cepted Pin­in­fa­rina’s de­sign over Bertone for the new Giuli­etta Spi­der. The Alfa was the first ve­hi­cle that Pin­in­fa­rina pro­duced in large num­bers, in fact Alfa Romeo chose Pin­in­fa­rina to pro­duce the Spi­der in large part be­cause they felt con­fi­dent that they could pro­duce 20 cars a day for a run of 1,000 bod­ies. The Spi­der was a huge suc­cess for Alfa Romeo and Pin­in­fa­rina, Max Hoff­man the im­porter for the United States said he could sell as many as they could make. In 1956, the first year of pro­duc­tion, they pro­duced 1025 units which then ex­panded to over 4,000 in 1959 the first full year of the new Grugliasco factory.

usine-pininfarina-406-coupeUsine Pininfarina 406 coupe

The second generation of leadership

Start­ing with the plan­ning for the new plant in Grugliasco in 1956, Pinin started to groom his re­place­ments–Ser­gio his son and Renzo Carli his son-in-law. To his heirs ap­par­ent, Pinin said of the Corso Tra­pani fa­cil­ity “This old plant has reached the lim­its of its growth. It has no room for ex­pan­sion and is far from being up to date. If I were alone I’d leave it as it is. But I want you to de­cide which way to go–to stay as we are or to en­large. Ei­ther way is fine with me. It’s your de­ci­sion to make and I don’t want to know what it is. I’m fin­ished and it’s your time to take over. The fu­ture is ab­solutely up to you.” In 1958, upon leav­ing for a world tour Pinin added “In my fam­ily we in­herit our lega­cies from live peo­ple–not from the dead.”

1961 at the age of 68, “Pinin” Fa­rina for­mally turns his firm over to his son Ser­gio and his son-in-law, Renzo Carli, it was the same year that the Pres­i­dent of Italy for­mally au­tho­rized the change of Fa­rina’s last name to Pininfarina.

Pin­in­fa­rina was run by Bat­tista’s grand­son An­drea Pin­in­fa­rina from 2001 until his death in 2008. An­drea’s younger brother Paolo Pin­in­fa­rina was then ap­pointed as successor.

Modernizing for a new world

Start­ing in the mid-1960s, Pin­in­fa­rina started to make in­vest­ments in the sci­ence of au­to­mo­tive de­sign, a strat­egy to dif­fer­en­ti­ate it­self from the other Ital­ian coachbuilders.

In 1966, Pin­in­fa­rina opened Studi e Ricerche, or the Stud­ies and Re­search Cen­tre in Grugliasco. The re­search cen­tre oc­cu­pied 8000 sq. me­tres (2 acres) and em­ployed 180 tech­ni­cians ca­pa­ble of pro­duc­ing 25 pro­to­types a year.

The Cal­cu­la­tion and De­sign Cen­tre was set up in 1967, the first step in a process of tech­no­log­i­cal evo­lu­tion which, dur­ing the 1970s, would take Pin­in­fa­rina into the lead in au­to­mated body­work design.

Then in 1972 con­struc­tion of a full-sized wind tun­nel was com­pleted. The pro­ject was started in 1966. When it opened, it not only was the first wind tun­nel with the abil­ity to test full-sized cars in Italy, but also one of the first in the world with this ability. To put this fore­sight in per­spec­tive, GM’s full-sized wind tun­nel didn’t open until 1980.

New infrastructure and expansion

The 1980s started a pe­riod of ex­pan­sion for Pininfarina.

In 1982 the com­pany opened “Pin­in­fa­rina Studi e Ricerche” in Cam­biano. It was sep­a­rate from the fac­tory and wind tun­nel in Grugliasco, to keep de­sign and re­search ac­tiv­i­ties in­de­pen­dent from man­u­fac­tur­ing. On Oc­to­ber 14, 2002, Pin­in­fa­rina in­au­gu­rated a new en­gi­neer­ing cen­ter. The new fa­cil­ity, which was built at the Cam­biano cam­pus, to give greater vis­i­bil­ity and in­de­pen­dence to the en­gi­neer­ing operations.

In 1983 Pin­in­fa­rina reached an agree­ment with Gen­eral Mo­tors to de­sign and build the Cadil­lac Al­lanté. The Al­lanté pro­ject led to the build­ing of the San Gior­gio fac­tory in 1985.

In 1996, Mit­subishi en­tered into talks for Pin­in­fa­rina build their new com­pact SUV, the Pa­jero, in Italy. While Mit­subishi rec­og­nized Pin­in­fa­rina’s ex­per­tise in de­sign and en­gi­neer­ing, the rea­son for choos­ing them was that man­u­fac­tur­ing costs were half of those in Germany. After en­ter­ing into an agree­ment in 1996, Pin­in­fa­rina pur­chased an in­dus­trial site at Bairo Canavese near Turin, Italy. in April 1997, Bairo Canavese was ded­i­cated to the pro­duc­tion of the new Mit­subishi Pa­jero Pinin.

Pin­in­fa­rina Sverige AB in Ud­de­valla, Swe­den, was es­tab­lished in 2003 as a joint ven­ture (JV) be­tween Volvo Cars and Pin­in­fa­rina to pro­duce a new Volvo con­vert­ible that will be sold in Eu­rope and the United States. The JV is owned 60% by Pin­in­fa­rina and 40% by Volvo. The C70 model de­signed by Volvo’s John Kin­sey—was launched on 13 April 2006, shar­ing the Volvo P1 plat­form used in the S40.

New economic realities

In April 2008, after three years of se­ri­ous losses to­tal­ing 115 mil­lion euros at the end of 2007, Pin­in­fa­rina made the first of sev­eral moves to raise cap­i­tal and re­struc­ture its enor­mous debt:

April 29, 2008

Pin­in­fa­rina’s an­nounced Piero Fer­rari, Al­berto Bom­bas­sei, chair­man of Brembo, and the Mar­siaj fam­ily, founders of the Sabelt seat­belt com­pany, will join with Vin­cent Bol­lore, a French fi­nancier, and Ratan Tata, head of India’s Tata con­glom­er­ate, who al­ready an­nounced their plans to in­vest, re­ports Reuters. The five will to­gether in­vest €100 million.

Fund­ing will come through the sale of stock to other in­vestors. The Pin­in­fa­rina fam­ily is will­ing to re­duce its share from its cur­rent 55% to 30%, which is still enough to se­cure a con­trol­ling interest.

December 31, 2008

On De­cem­ber 31, 2008, Pin­in­fa­rina an­nounced a debt re­struc­tur­ing that would re­quire the fam­ily to sell its stake in the com­pany. The agree­ment was made after Pin­in­fa­rina’s value dropped 67 per cent dur­ing 2008, and it then had a mar­ket cap­i­tal­iza­tion of about €36 mil­lion. It had total debts of €598 mil­lion at the end of No­vem­ber. Of that amount, €555 mil­lion was the sub­ject of the debt re­struc­tur­ing agree­ment that was agreed on with a con­sor­tium of banks.

March 24, 2009

Pin­car, Pin­in­fa­rina’s fam­ily hold­ing com­pany, an­nounced it has hired Leonardo and Co to find a buyer for its 50.6% stake in Pin­in­fa­rina per the debt re­struc­tur­ing agree­ment reached in December.

January 4, 2011

Pin­in­fa­rina re­leased a state­ment say­ing that it is still gath­er­ing “pos­si­ble of­fers from po­ten­tial buy­ers,” adding it would re­lease more in­for­ma­tion when it was appropriate.

Com­pany sources added, the fam­ily will not sell its en­tire 50.7% stake but that Pin­car would no longer be a ma­jor­ity shareholder.

February 14, 2012

Italy’s Pin­in­fa­rina fam­ily is set to lose con­trol of the car de­sign com­pany as lengthy debt re­struc­tur­ing talks head to­ward the fin­ish line, peo­ple fa­mil­iar with the sit­u­a­tion said on Tues­day. A 16.9 mil­lion euros loss in the first nine months of 2011 oc­curred after clos­ing its man­u­fac­tur­ing op­er­a­tions to re-in­vent it­self as a smaller niche de­sign player.

An agree­ment with cred­i­tor banks in­clud­ing In­tesa San­paolo, Uni­Credit, Mediobanca and Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena to re­struc­ture net debt of 76 mil­lion euros is on track and will be reached in the com­ing months, said three sources close to the sit­u­a­tion. “The debt sit­u­a­tion is sta­ble and the talks are not con­tentious, so there is no hurry,” said one of the sources, speak­ing on con­di­tion anonymity. “The agree­ment will fix the cap­i­tal struc­ture for the fore­see­able future.”

When fi­nalised, the debt ac­cord will give con­trol of the fam­ily’s 77 per­cent stake to its cred­i­tor banks, end­ing the Pin­in­fa­rina fam­ily’s ownership.

The deal will close a chap­ter that began in 2008 when the banks swapped 180 mil­lion euros in debt in ex­change for a promise of pro­ceeds from a fu­ture sale of part of the Pin­in­fa­rina’s fam­ily stake.

But no tak­ers ma­te­ri­alised. Po­ten­tial buy­ers were not will­ing to ac­quire a de­sign com­pany when they can eas­ily con­tract its ser­vices, said one of the peo­ple fa­mil­iar with the situation.

February 15, 2012

In a state­ment re­leased on 15 Feb­ru­ary, the Cam­biano-based com­pany, which owes over €100 mil­lion to a num­ber of Ital­ian banks, said its debt re­pay­ment date has been ex­tended to 2018, from 2015.

The agree­ment, which will be signed in the next few weeks, will also see the com­pany take ad­van­tage of in­ter­est rates “sig­nif­i­cantly lower than [cur­rent] mar­ket rates”. With the new debt re­struc­tur­ing deal with its cred­i­tors Pin­in­fa­rina will re­main under the con­trol of the Pin­in­fa­rina family.

May 16, 2012

Au­to­mo­tive News re­ports Pin­in­fa­rina pro­jects it will turn a profit for 2012, thanks in part to debt re­struc­tur­ing. The Ital­ian de­sign stu­dio hasn’t seen a profit in eight years, but signed a deal in April to re­struc­ture $182.6 mil­lion in debt. The move ef­fec­tively stretched the stu­dio’s re­pay­ment dead­line from 2015 to 2018. At the same time, Pin­in­fa­rina an­nounced it will likely see an op­er­at­ing loss this year, but a one-time gain of $57.6 mil­lion will re­sult in the net profit. Last year, the com­pany lost $8.3 mil­lion in the first quar­ter, though that fig­ure has dropped to just under $4 mil­lion dur­ing Q1 2012.

Pin­in­fa­rina also saw its net rev­enue in­crease by $2.9 million.

March 26, 2013

Pin­in­fa­rina in the black for first time since 2004 Ital­ian de­sign house Pin­in­fa­rina pre­dicted last May that it would face an op­er­at­ing loss for 2012 but still come out with a net profit. Both pre­dic­tions have come true – the com­pany is re­port­ing an op­er­at­ing loss of 8.2 mil­lion euros and a net profit of 32.9 mil­lion euros ($42.5 mil­lion US).

Ac­cord­ing to Reuters, the good news came be­cause of a debt re­struc­tur­ing arranged last year that gives the com­pany three more years to repay its $182.6 mil­lion in debt, and a one-time gain of roughly 45 mil­lion euros ($57.6 mil­lion US). It is the com­pany’s first profit since 2004.

Acquisition by Mahindra group (2015–present)

Mahin­dra Group, owner of In­dian au­to­mo­bile com­pany Mahin­dra & Mahin­dra agreed to buy Ital­ian car de­signer Pin­in­fa­rina SpA in a deal worth about 168 mil­lion euros ($185 million). Mahin­dra group, to­gether with af­fil­i­ate Tech Mahin­dra, have 76 per­cent stake from hold­ing com­pany Pin­car for 25.3 mil­lion euros. The In­dian com­pany will offer the same price for the re­main­ing stock. In ad­di­tion to buy­ing stock, Mahin­dra will in­vest 20 mil­lion euros in Pin­in­fa­rina and pro­vide a guar­an­tee to cred­i­tors of 114.5 mil­lion euros.

Corporate Governance (2016)

  • President:Paolo Pininfarina
  • CEO – General Manager: Silvio Pietro Angori
  • Board of Directors: Manoj Bhat, C.P.Gurnani, Romina Guglielmetti, Jay Itzkowitz, Licia Mattioli, Sara Miglioli, Antony Sheriff.
  • Statutory Auditors: Nicola Treves (president), Margherita Spaini, Giovanni Rayneri.

The end of car production operations

On De­cem­ber 10, 2011 Pin­in­fa­rina an­nounced it would end all au­to­mo­tive pro­duc­tion. In truth pro­duc­tion ended in No­vem­ber 2010 with the con­clu­sion of the con­tract to pro­duce the Alfa Romeo Brera and Spi­der at the San Gior­gio plant.

Grugliasco factory

Opened in 1958 with nearly 1,000 em­ploy­ees, by 1960 out­put ex­ceeded 11,000 car bodies. In 2009 Pin­in­fa­rina sold the fac­tory to Fin­piemonte, the pub­lic fi­nance of the Pied­mont Re­gion, at the price of 14.4 mil­lion euro. Fin­piemonte, as part of the deal, leases the plant to Gian Mario Rossig­nol at a rent of €650,000 per year for six years renewable.

The Grugliasco sale did not in­clude an ad­ja­cent struc­ture that houses the wind tunnel.

San Giorgio plant

Opened in 1986 to build Cadil­lac Al­lante bod­ies for Gen­eral Motors, the same year Pin­in­fa­rina was first listed on the Stock Ex­change in Milan. Au­to­mo­tive pro­duc­tion ended at San Gior­gio with the con­clu­sion of the Ford pro­duc­tion in July 2010, and Alfa Romeo pro­duc­tion in No­vem­ber 2010.

Fol­low­ing the end of con­tract man­u­fac­tur­ing ac­tiv­i­ties San Gior­gio Canavese is being used for pro­duc­tion of spare parts for cars man­u­fac­tured in the past.

Bairo Canavese

Pin­in­fa­rina opened its third man­u­fac­tur­ing plant in 1997. Cur­rently Pin­in­fa­rina leases the plant and 57 em­ploy­ees to the Ce­comp Group. This agree­ment to pro­duce 4,0002016-pininfarina-autolib-paris-at-loadingstationelec­tric Bol­loré Blue­cars runs April 1, 2011 to De­cem­ber 31, 2013. On Sep­tem­ber 13, 2013 a new lease agree­ment was an­nounced, this new agree­ment will run from Jan­u­ary 1, 2014 until the end of 2016.

Uddevalla, Sweden Pininfarina Sverige AB

A joint ven­ture be­tween Pin­in­fa­rina S.p.A. and Volvo Car Cor­po­ra­tion began in 2003. Volvo and Pin­in­fa­rina S.p.A. have agreed upon the ter­mi­na­tion of the joint ven­ture agree­ment re­gard­ing Pin­in­fa­rina Sverige AB and its op­er­a­tions in Ud­de­valla, Swe­den. As of De­cem­ber 31, 2011 the ter­mi­na­tion this agree­ment would re­sult in a 30 mil­lion euros fee paid to Pininfarina.

On June 25, 2013 the last Volvo C70 was pro­duced and the Ud­de­valla as­sem­bly plant was closed.

Designers

Al­though Pin­in­fa­rina rarely gave credit to individuals, that pol­icy seems to have changed in re­cent years and many of the de­sign­ers of the past have be­come known. As of 2011 Pin­in­fa­rina em­ploys 101 peo­ple in their styling de­part­ment. That is down from 185 in 2005.

 Paolo Martin at work
Paolo Martin at work
  • Franco Scaglione 1951, designer for two months before he left for what is now known as Gruppo Bertone
  • Franco Martinengo 1952–72, Director of the Centro Stile
  • Adriano Rabbone
  • Francesco Salomone
  • Aldo Brovarone 1954–74, Designer; 1974–88, Managing Director Studi e Ricerche
  • Tom Tjaarda 1961–65, Designer
  • Filippo Sapino 1967–69
  • Paolo Martin 1968–72, Chief of the Styling Department
  • Diego Ottina 1970—
  • Lorenzo Ramaciotti 1973-2005 deputy director of Pininfarina Studi e Ricerche, Director General and Chief Designer, CEO of Pininfarina SpA Research and Development
  • Ian Cameron 1975–81
  • Enrico Fumia 1976–91; 1982: Manager at Pininfarina R&D – Models and Prototypes Development; 1988: Manager at Pininfarina R&D – Design and Development; 1989: Deputy General Manager at Pininfarina R&D
  • Guido Campoli
  • Emanuele Nicosia 1977–85
  • Elvio d’Aprile 1982–95
  • Piero Camardella 1984–93
  • Marco Tencone
  • Leonardo Fioravanti 1988–91, Managing Director and CEO of Pininfarina Studi e Ricerche
  • Maurizio Corbi 1989-
  • Davide Arcangeli
  • Jeremy Malick 2000–02, Designer; 2009—-, Senior Designer
  • Dimitri Vicedomini 2001–12, Senior Car Designer
  • Jason Castriota 2001–08
  • Ken Okuyama 2004–06, Creative Director
  • Luca Borgogno 2005— , Lead Designer
  • Nazzareno Epifani 2006— , Lead Designer
  • Lowie Vermeersch 2007–10, Design Director
  • Brano Mauks 2007— , Senior Designer
  • Carlo Palazzani 2010— , Lead Designer
  • Felix Kilbertus 2011— , Lead Designer
  • Fabio Filippini 2011— , Vice President Design and Chief Creative Officer

Vehicles

Pin­in­fa­rina de­signs, man­u­fac­tures, as­sem­bles, and tests pro­to­types and pro­duc­tion ve­hi­cles under con­tract for other automakers.

Past production

As of De­cem­ber 10, 2011 Pin­in­fa­rina an­nounced it would end all mass au­to­mo­tive pro­duc­tion with the sale of its 40% stake in the Ud­de­valla, Swe­den plant to Volvo in 2013. In the past Pin­in­fa­rina has pro­duced both cars and car-bod­ies under con­tract from other au­tomak­ers. This pro­duc­tion in­cludes Pin­in­fa­rina-de­signed cars and ve­hi­cles de­signed by others.

A sortable list of com­plete cars or car bod­ies man­u­fac­tured in one of the five Pin­in­fa­rina factories:

1947-maserati-a6-1500-pininfarina-fl

1947-maserati-a6-1500-rr1947 Maserati A6 1500 PininFarina1953-maserati-a6g-2000-bodied-by-zagato-pininfarina1953 Maserati A6G 2000 bodied by Zagato PininFarina1951-cistialia-202-sc-pininfarina-coupe1951 Cistialia 202 SC Pininfarina Coupéalfa-romeo-6c-2500-ss-pinin-farina-cabrioletAlfa Romeo 6C 2500 SS Pinin Farina Cabrioletalfa-romeo-6c-2500-ss-coupe-coachbuilding-by-pininfarinaAlfa Romeo 6C 2500 SS Coupé, coachbuilding by Pininfarina1949-maserati-a6-1500-coupe1949 Maserati A6 1500 Coupé Pininfarina1950-52-lancia-aurelia-b50-cabriolet-by-pinin-farina1950-52 Lancia Aurelia B50 cabriolet by Pinin Farinalancia-aurelia-b20-gt-6th-series-lancia-flaminia-coupe-pininfarina1950-58 Lancia Aurelia B20 GT, 6th Series. Lancia Flaminia Coupe Pininfarina1952-alfa-romeo-1900-ti-pantera-built-for-the-police-special-foces1952 Alfa Romeo 1900 C Cabriolet PF1952-alfa-romeo-1900-c-sprint-pininfarina-coupe1952 ALFA ROMEO 1900 C SPRINT PININFARINA COUPE1952-alfa-romeo-1900c-pf-cabriolet1952 Alfa Romeo 1900C PF 2+2 Cabriolet1952-ferrari-212-inter-pininfarina-coupe1952 Ferrari 212 Inter Pininfarina coupé1952-lancia-d20-pininfarina-21952-lancia-d20-pininfarina1952-pinin-farina-lancia-d20-coupe-a1952-pinin-farina-lancia-d20-coupe1953-le-mans-lancia-d20-pf1952 Lancia D20 Pininfarina + last one at le mans 19531953-nash-healey-pininfarina-roadstar1953 Nash Healey Pininfarina Roadstar1954-ferrari-375-mm-and-ingrid-bergman-and-her-husband-robert-rossellini-to-her-right-carrozzeria-pinin-farina1954 Ferrari 375 MM and Ingrid Bergman and her husband Robert Rossellini to her right.Carrozzeria Pinin Farina1953-lancia-d23-pinin-farina-wikiwand1953-lancia-d23-sport-pinin-farina-spyder1953-lancia-d23-spyder-pininfarina1953 Lancia D23 Spider Pininfarina

1953 Lancia D24 Pininfarina Spider Sport; top car design rating and specifications
1953 Lancia D24 Pininfarina Spider Sport; top car design rating and specifications

1953-lancia-d24-spider-sport-01-autophotositecom1954-lancia-d24-pininfarina-spyder-dv-081953-54 Lancia D24 Spyder Sport PininFarina1954-fiat-1100-tv-coupe-pininfarina-1954-italie1954 fiat-1100-tv-coupe-pininfarina-1954-(italie)

fiat-1100-103-tv-coupe-pininfarina1954 FIAT 1100 TV PininFarina1955-lancia-aurelia-b24-spyder-ar-pf1955-lancia-aurelia-b24-pininfarina1955-lancia-aurelia-b24-spider-pininfarina1955-lancia-aurelia-b24-spyder-america-roadster-pininfarina1954-lancia-aurelia-b24-s-pininfarina1956-lancia-aurelia-b24s-convertible-pininfarinaLancia Aurelia B24 (+B25 remakes) Spider America PininFarina1953-maserati-a6gcs-berlinetta-pinin-farina-20561953-maserati-a6-gc53-berlinetta-pininfarina1954-maserati-a6-gcs-pininfarinaMaserati A6 GCS/53 Berlinetta PininFarina1956-lancia-aurelia-b24s-spider-boasts-a-race-developed-v6-engine-outstanding-handling-and-beautiful-pininfarina-styling1956 Lancia Aurelia B24S Spider boasts a race-developed V6 engine, outstanding handling and beautiful Pininfarina styling1956-alfa-giulietta-spider-pininfarina-grey-main1956 Alfa Giulietta Spider Pininfarina Grey Main1958-lancia-appia-series22-pininfarina-coupe1958 LANCIA APPIA SERIES2+2 PININFARINA COUPE1959-ferrari-250-gt-coupe-pininfarina1959 Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarinaalfa-giulietta-spider-pininfarina1962 Alfa Giulietta Spider Pininfarina1959-cadillac-eldorado-brougham-by-pininfarina1959 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham by Pininfarina1959-lancia-flaminia-coupe-pinin-farina1959 Lancia Flaminia Coupé Pinin Farina1961-ferrari%e2%80%85250%e2%80%85gte%e2%80%8522-pininfarina1961 Ferrari 250 GTE 2+2 Pininfarina1966-peugeot-404-pininfarina-coupe1966 Peugeot 404 Pininfarina Coupé1967-peugeot-404-coupe-cabriolet-pininfarina1967 Peugeot 404 Coupe Cabriolet Pininfarina1962-mhv-lancia-flavia-pininfarina-coupe-011962 MHV Lancia Flavia Pininfarina Coupé-011965-lancia-flavia-pininfarina-mk11965 Lancia Flavia-Pininfarina Mk11968-lancia-flavia-pininfarina-convertibile1968 Lancia Flavia Pininfarina Convertibile1971-lancia-2000-hf-pinifarina-coupe1971 Lancia 2000 HF Pinifarina Coupe1963-alfa-romeo-giulia-1600-series-105-pininfarina1963 Alfa Romeo Giulia 1600 Series 105 Pininfarina1963-alfa-giulia-spider-dv-10-1600-pininfarina1963 Alfa-Giulia-Spider-DV-10 1600 Pininfarina1963-68-ferrari-330-gtc-pininfarina1963-68 Ferrari 330 gtc pininfarina1967-ferrari-330-gt-22-pininfarina1967 Ferrari 330 GT 2+2 Pininfarina1964-mhv-ferrari-330gt-america-pininfarina-011964 MHV Ferrari 330GT America Pininfarina 011968-interior-of-ferrari-330-gt-22-pininfarina-serie-ii1968 Interior of Ferrari 330 GT 2+2 Pininfarina (serie II)1966-ferrari-330-gts-pininfarina1966 Ferrari 330 GTS Pininfarina1967-ferrari-330-gtc-pininfarina-during-the-saxony-classic-rallye-20101967 Ferrari 330 GTC Pininfarina during the Saxony Classic Rallye 20101962-ferrari-330-lm-berlinetta-pininfarina1962 Ferrari 330 LM Berlinetta Pininfarina1967-alfa-romeo-duetto-white-pininfarina-dv-16-ci-0011967 Alfa Romeo 1600cc Duetto-white Pininfarina-DV-16-CIalfa-romeo-giulia-1600-tubolare-zagato-tz-coupe-by-pininfarina1968-72 Alfa Romeo Giulia 1600 Tubolare Zagato (TZ) Coupe by Pininfarina1968-70-alfa-romeo-1750-spider-veloce-north-america-105-designed-by-pininfarina1968-70 Alfa Romeo 1750 Spider Veloce North America (105) designed by Pininfarinapeugeot%e2%80%85504-coupe-designed-by-pininfarinaPeugeot 504 Coupé designed by Pininfarinapeugeot-504-cabriolet-designed-by-pininfarinaPeugeot 504 Cabriolet designed by Pininfarina1972-ferrari-365-gtc-4-pininfarina1972 Ferrari 365 GTC 4 Pininfarina1971-75-lancia-2000-pininfarina-berlina-1973-1991cc1971-75 Lancia 2000 Pininfarina Berlina 1973 1991ccferrari-400-gt4-22-desined-by-pininfarinaFerrari 400 GT4 2+2 desined by Pininfarinalancia-monte-carlo-pininfarinaLancia Monte-Carlo Pininfarinapeugeot-talbot-samba-cabrio-design-pininfarina-classicoPeugeot-Talbot Samba Cabrio Design Pininfarina (Clássico)

Fiat Campagniola ?1986-ferrari-testarossa-spider-by-pininfarina1986 Ferrari-Testarossa-Spider-by-Pininfarina1984-86-alfa-romeo-33-1-5-4x4-giardinetta-905-designed-by-pininfarina1984-86 Alfa Romeo 33 1.5 4×4 Giardinetta (905) designed by Pininfarinaferrari-412-pininfarina-13ferrari-412 pininfarina

Ferrari 412 GT
Ferrari 412 GT

peugeot-205-cabriolet-pininfarinapeugeot 205-cabriolet-pininfarina1990-cadillac-allante-25-pininfarina1990 Cadillac Allante 25 Pininfarina1987-93-cadillac-allante-cabriolet-pininfarina1987-93 CADILLAC Allante Cabriolet Pininfarinaferrari%e2%80%85456%e2%80%85gt-pininfarinaFerrari 456 GT Pininfarinapininfarina-ferrari-456gt-venice-convertible-brunei-16Pininfarina Ferrari 456GT Venice Convertible Brunei 161993-00-pininfarina-designed-fiat-coupe-20v-turbo-model1993-00 Pininfarina designed Fiat Coupé 20v Turbo Model1993-02-peugeot-306-pininfarina-designed-cabriolet1993-02 peugeot 306 pininfarina designed cabrioletbentley%e2%80%85azure-mark-i-convertible-disigned-by-pininfarinaBentley Azure Mark I Convertible disigned by Pininfarinalancia-kappa-sw-designed-by-pininfarinalancia kappa-sw-designed by pininfarinapeugeot-406-coupe-designed-by-pininfarinaPeugeot 406 Coupé designed by pininfarina2002-mitsubishi-pajero-pinin-zr-5-door-wagon2002 Mitsubishi Pajero Pinin ZR 5-door wagonalfa%e2%80%85romeo%e2%80%85gtv-spider-916-series-designed-by-pininfarinaAlfa Romeo GTV & Spider 916 series designed by pininfarinahonda-argento-vivo-by-pininfarinaHONDA ARGENTO VIVO BY PININFARINAford-streetka-designed-by-pininfarina-02ford streetka designed by pininfarinapininfarina-designed-ford-streetkapininfarina designed ford streetka2012-pininfarina-designed-alfa-romeo-brera-milan-design-week-superstudio-in-20122012 Pininfarina designed Alfa Romeo Brera Milan Design Week Superstudio in 20122006-alfa-spider-vi-pininfarina2006 Alfa Spider VI Pininfarina2006-alfa-romeo-spider-vi-pininfarina-with-extracted-roof2006 Alfa Romeo Spider VI Pininfarina with extracted roof2015-ford-focus-cabrio-render-pininfarina2015 ford-focus-cabrio-render-pininfarina2015-ford-focus-cabrio-render-pininfarina-a2015 ford-focus-cabrio-render-pininfarina a2011-volvo-c70-ii-pininfarina2011 Volvo C70 II Pininfarina2008-mitsubishi-colt-czc-pininfarina2008 mitsubishi colt czc pininfarina2006-09-pininfarina-mitsubishi-colt-czc2006-09 Pininfarina Mitsubishi Colt CZClancia-beta-montecarlo-pininfarinaLancia Beta Montecarlo pininfarinalancia-beta-montecarlo-cabrio-pininfarinaLancia Beta Montecarlo cabrio pininfarinapininfarina-designed-lancia-037-en-version-stradalePininfarina designed Lancia 037 en version stradale1975-fiat-130-coupe-pininfarina1975 Fiat 130 Coupe Pininfarinafiat-dino-2-0-pininfarina-coupeFiat Dino 2.0-pininfarina-coupelancia-gamma-coupe-pininfarinalancia gamma-coupe pininfarina1934-35-alfa-romeo-6c-2300-pescara-touring-cabriolet-187951934 Alfa Romeo 6C 2300 Pescara Touring Cabriolet

Years Model Factory Quantity
1946–1949 Maserati A6 1500 Turismo 107 Corso Trapani 58
1947–1952 Cisitalia 202 107 Corso Trapani 170
1947–1951 Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Super Cabriolet 107 Corso Trapani 64
1948–1951 Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Super Sport Cabriolet 107 Corso Trapani 25-30
1948 Maserati A6 1500 Spider 107 Corso Trapani 2
1950–1952 Lancia Aurelia B50 Cabriolet 107 Corso Trapani 265
1950–1958 Lancia Aurelia B20 Coupé 107 Corso Trapani 2,640
1952 Alfa Romeo 1900 C Cabriolet 107 Corso Trapani 88
1952–1953 Alfa Romeo 1900 C Coupé 107 Corso Trapani 100
1952–1953 Ferrari 212 Inter cabriolet 107 Corso Trapani 2
1952–1953 Ferrari 212 Inter coupé 107 Corso Trapani 11
1952–1953 Lancia D20 coupé 107 Corso Trapani 7
1952–1954 Nash-Healey 107 Corso Trapani 402
1953 Ferrari 375 MM Spider 107 Corso Trapani 15
1953 Lancia D23 Spyder 107 Corso Trapani 4 (re-bodied D20s)
1953-1954 Lancia D24 Spyder 107 Corso Trapani 6
1954–1957 Fiat 1100 TV Coupé 107 Corso Trapani 126
1954–1955 Lancia Aurelia B24 Spider America 107 Corso Trapani 240
1954 Lancia D25 Spyder 107 Corso Trapani 4 (re-bodied D24s)
1954 Maserati A6 GCS/53 Berlinetta 107 Corso Trapani 4
1956 Lancia Aurelia B24 Spider 107 Corso Trapani 521
1956–1958 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Spider 107 Corso Trapani 5,493
1957–1959 Lancia Appia Pininfarina Coupe 2 +2 Series II 302
1958–1960 Ferrari 250 GT Coupe Pininfarina Grugliasco 335
1959–1962 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Spider Grugliasco 11,503
1959–1960 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham Grugliasco 200
1959–1967 Lancia Flaminia Coupé Grugliasco 5,236
1960–1963 Ferrari 250 GTE 2+2 Grugliasco 955 including prototypes
1961–1968 Peugeot 404 Coupé and Cabriolet Grugliasco 17,223 ( 10,389 Cabriolets, 6,834 Coupés)
1962–1971 Lancia Flavia Coupé Grugliasco 26,084
1962–1965 Alfa Romeo Giulia 1600 Spider Grugliasco 10,336
1963 Ferrari 330 America Grugliasco 50
1964-1967 Ferrari 330 GT 2+2 Grugliasco 1080
1966–1968 Alfa Romeo Giulia Spider Duetto 1600 Spider Grugliasco 6,322
1966-1968 Ferrari 330 GTC Grugliasco 604
1966-1968 Ferrari 330 GTS Grugliasco 100
1966–1985 Fiat 124 Sport Spider Grugliasco 198,120
1967 Ferrari 330 GTC Coupe Speciale Grugliasco 3
1968–1972 Alfa Romeo Giulia Spider 1300 and 1600 Junior Grugliasco 4,913
1968–1972 Alfa Romeo 1750 Spider Veloce Grugliasco 8,920
1969–1983 Peugeot 504 Coupé Grugliasco 22,975
1969–1983 Peugeot 504 Cabriolet Grugliasco 8,191
1971–1972 Ferrari 365 GTC/4 Grugliasco 505
1971–1975 Lancia 2000 Coupé Berlina Grugliasco
1976–1985 Ferrari 400 Grugliasco 1,808
1981–1984 Lancia Beta Coupé HPE Grugliasco 18.917
1981–1985 Peugeot Talbot Samba Cabriolet Grugliasco 13,062
1981–1986 Fiat Campagnola Grugliasco 15,198
1984–1993 Ferrari Testarossa Grugliasco / San Giorgio
1984–1986 Alfa Romeo 33 Giardinetta Grugliasco 12,238
1985–1989 Ferrari 412 & 412 GT Grugliasco 576
1984–1993 Peugeot 205 Cabriolet Grugliasco 72,125
1986–1993 Cadillac Allanté San Giorgio Canavese 21,430
1992–1996 Ferrari 456 GT 3289
1993–2000 Fiat Coupé 72,762
1993–2002 Peugeot 306 Cabriolet San Giorgio Canavese
1996–1999 Bentley Azure Mark I Convertible 895
1996–2000 Lancia Kappa SW 9,208
1996–2004 Peugeot 406 Coupé San Giorgio Canavese 107,633
1999–2005 Mitsubishi Pajero Pinin Bairo Canavese and Grugliasco 68,555
2000–2004 Alfa Romeo GTV & Spider 916 series San Giorgio Canavese 15,788
2002 Honda Pininfarina Argento Vivo 4–5
2002–2005 Ford Streetka Bairo Canavese 37,076
2005–2010 Alfa Romeo Brera San Giorgio Canavese 21,786
2006–2010 Alfa Romeo Spider San Giorgio Canavese 12,488
2006–2010 Ford Focus Coupé Cabriolet Bairo Canavese 36,374
2006–2013 Volvo C70 II Uddevalla, Sweden
2006–2008 Mitsubishi Colt CZC Bairo Canavese 16,695
1974–1981 Lancia Beta Montecarlo Cabrio Grugliasco 4,375
1975–1981 Lancia Beta Montecarlo Coupé Grugliasco 3,203
1981 Lancia 037 Grugliasco 220
1971–1976 Fiat 130 Coupé Grugliasco 4,491
1966–1972 Fiat Dino Spider Grugliasco 1,583
1976–1984 Lancia Gamma Coupé Grugliasco 6,790

Notable car designs

Austin A40 MkII. Main differences from the MkI were the wide grille and the 1098cc Aseries Engine behind it
Austin A40 MkII. Main differences from the MkI were the wide grille and the 1098cc Aseries Engine behind it 1961 Austin A40 Farina Mk II
1961-fiat-2300-pininfarina1961 Fiat 2300 Pininfarina
ferrari-dino-berlinettaFerrari Dino berlinetta
lancia-montecarlo-series-2-by-pininfarinaLancia Montecarlo Series 2 by Pininfarina

Pre World War II

Be­fore the war Pin­in­fa­rina built car bod­ies mostly for in­di­vid­ual cus­tomers, many of the bod­ies were “one offs” and not mass-produced.

1930-lancia-dilambda-carlton-tourer-pininfarina1931 Lancia Dilambda – the first official Pinin Farina special, presented at the Concours d’Elegance at Villa d’Este1931-hispano-suiza-h6c-coupe-chauffeur1931 Hispano Suiza H6C Coupé Chauffeur1930-hispano-suiza-pinin-farina-coupe1931 Hispano Suiza Pinin Farina Coupé 1931 Hispano Suiza Coupé 1931-cadillac-452a-v16-pinin-farina-roadster-19311931 Cadillac V16 Roadster – for the Maharajah of Orccha1932-fiat-518-ardita-designed-by-pininfarina1932 Fiat 518 Ardita designed by Pininfarina 1932 Fiat 518 Ardita1933-alfa-romeo-8c-2300-cabriolet-pininfarina1933 Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 Cabriolet (Pininfarina)1933 Alfa Romeo 8C 23001934-alfa-romeo-6c-2500-s-stabilimenti-farina-cabriolet-147511934 Alfa-Romeo-6C-2500-S-Stabilimenti-Farina-Cabriolet-14751 1934 Alfa Rome 6C 2300 B Cabriolet1936-lancia%e2%80%85astura-cabriolet-tipo-bocca-a-series-of-six-cars-made-for-the-bocca-brothers-lancia-dealers-in-biella-italy1936 Lancia Astura Cabriolet tipo Bocca – a series of six cars made for the Bocca brothers, Lancia dealers in Biella, Italy – designed by Pininfarina1935-alfa-romeo-6c-2300-pescara-coupe-aerodinamico-pininfarina1935 alfa romeo 6C 2300 pescara coupe aerodinamico pininfarina 1935 Alfa Romeo 6C Pescara Coupé aerodinamico1936-39-lancia-aprilia-was-manufactured-by-lancia-one-of-the-first-designed-using-wind-tunnel-in-collaboration-with-battista-farina1936-39 Lancia Aprilia was manufactured by Lancia, one of the first designed using wind tunnel in collaboration with Battista Farina 1936 Lancia Aprilia1936-alfa-romeo-8c-2900b-stabilimenti-farina-cabriolet-256841936 Alfa-Romeo-8C-2900B-Stabilimenti-Farina-Cabriolet-25684 1936 Alfa Romeo 8C 29001937-alfa-romeo-6c-2300-b-pescara-pinin-farina-berlinetta-296341937 Alfa-Romeo-6C-2300-B-Pescara-Pinin-Farina-Berlinetta 1937 Alfa Romeo 6C 2300-B Pescara Berlinetta1937-pininfarina-lancia-aprilia-aerodinamica1937 Lancia Aprilia Aerodinamica Pininfarina1938-lancia-astura-pf-convertible-front-laganland-bilmuseum-sweden

1938 Lancia Astura PF Convertible Front Laganland Bilmuseum, Sweden 1938 Lancia Astura1943-alfa-romeo-6c-2500-pinin-farina-sport-cabriolet-81f6b1943 Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Super Sport Pinin Farina Cabriolet

Concept cars, Prototypes and Individual commissions

In ad­di­tion to pro­duc­tion ve­hi­cles, Pin­in­fa­rina cre­ates pro­to­type, show, and cus­tom cars for auto man­u­fac­tur­ers, as well as pri­vate clients. Most pro­to­types—such as the Fer­rari Mythos—have served solely as con­cept cars, al­though sev­eral have be­come pro­duc­tion mod­els, in­clud­ing the Fer­rari 612 Scagli­etti and Fer­rari F50.

A re­cent pri­vately com­mis­sioned cus­tom ex­am­ple was the Fer­rari P4/5 of 2006, a one-car re­body (chang­ing the ex­te­rior de­sign) of the Enzo Fer­rari ac­cord­ing to the client’s spec­i­fi­ca­tions. Its de­sign began in Sep­tem­ber 2005 with sketches by Jason Cas­tri­ota mov­ing through com­puter aided sculp­ture and strin­gent wind tun­nel test­ing. More than 200 com­po­nents were de­signed es­pe­cially for the car though the en­gine, dri­ve­train and many other com­po­nents are sim­ply mod­i­fied from the orig­i­nal Enzo Fer­rari. The Ve­hi­cle Iden­ti­fi­ca­tion Num­ber (VIN) is un­changed from the Enzo it was de­rived from. The P4/5 was pub­licly re­vealed on Au­gust 18, 2006 at the Peb­ble Beach Con­cours d’El­e­gance and shown again at the Paris Motor Show in late Sep­tem­ber. An­other re­cent pro­to­type is the Pin­in­fa­rina Nido, a two-seater sub-com­pact that could pos­si­bly make airbags obsolete.

2004-nido-pininfarina-22004-pininfarina-nido-1

The Pin­in­fa­rina B0 so­lar-elec­tric con­cept, de­signed with Bol­loré was shown at the 2008 Paris Motor Show fea­tur­ing a range be­tween charges of more than 150 miles (241 km) with an elec­tron­i­cally lim­ited 88-mile-per-hour (142 km/h) top speed, and an es­ti­mated ac­cel­er­a­tion to 37 miles per hour (60 km/h) in 6.3 seconds. The car has solar pan­els on the roof and on the nose, while its bat­tery pack is said to last up to 125,000 miles (201,168 km).

On May 15, 2013 Pin­in­fa­rina an­nounced the BMW Pin­in­fa­rina Gran Lusso Coupé to be re­vealed on May 24 at the Con­corso d’El­e­ganza Villa d’Este. Pin­in­fa­rina an­nounced this one-off con­cept car as the first col­lab­o­ra­tion be­tween BMW and Pininfarina, but in 1949 BMW com­mis­sioned Pin­in­fa­rina de­sign and build a pro­to­type of the BMW 501—it was re­jected for being too modern.

OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA
1949 Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Coupe Speciale

1949-bmw-501-prototype-1949-designed-by-pininfarina1949 bmw-501-prototype-1949-designed-by-pininfarina 1949 BMW 5011952-lancia-aurelia-b52-pininfarina200-cabriolet-365361952 Lancia-Aurelia-B52-PininFarina200-Cabriolet 1952 Lancia Aurelia B52 PF 200 spider –version 11952-pf200-lancia-aurelia-b52-coupe-pininfarina1952 Lancia Aurelia B52 PF 200 coupé –version 11953-lancia-aurelia-pf200-convertible-b521953 Lancia Aurelia B52 PF 200 spider –version 2 and 31954-cadillac-cabriolet-pininfarina-serie-62-for-norman-granz-a1954-cadillac-cabriolet-pininfarina-serie-62-for-norman-granz-closed1954-cadillac-cabriolet-pininfarina-serie-62-for-norman-granz1954 Cadillac Series 62 PF -built for Norman Granz1954-lancia-aurelia-b52-pf200-coupe-by-pininfarina1954 Lancia Aurelia B52 PF 200 coupé –version 21955-ferrari-375mm-speciale-dv-palmbeach-pininfarina-design1955 Ferrari 375MM Speciale DV PalmBeach Pininfarina design1955-ferrari-375-america-speciale-designed-by-pininfarina1955 Ferrari 375-America Speciale Designed by Pininfarina 1955 Ferrari 375 America Coupé Speciale1955-lancia-aurelia-b56-florida-berlina-pininfarina

1955-lancia-aurelia-b55-pf200-coupe-pininfarina-11955 lancia aurelia b55 pf200 coupe pininfarina 1955 Lancia Aurelia B55 PF 200 coupé –version 31955-nash-pininfarina-special1955 Nash Pininfarina Special 1955 Nash Special1956-alfa-romeo-6c-3000cm-pininfarina-super-flow-i1956 Alfa Romeo 6C 3000 CM Super Flow Coupe I1956-alfa-romeo-6c-3000-cm-coupe-super-flow-ii-pininfarina1956 Alfa Romeo 6C 3000 CM Super Flow II Coupe Pininfarina1956-pininfarina-nash-rambler-palm-beach-coupe-special-d-125751956 PininFarina Nash Rambler Palm Beach Coupe Special D-12575 1956 Rambler Palm Beach1957-fiat-abarth-750-pininfarina-record-car-photo1957 Fiat Abarth 750 Pininfarina Record Car Photo 1957 Abarth 750 Bialbero Record1958-fiat-abarth-500-record-pininfarina1958-fiat-abarth-500-record-pininfarinaa1958-fiats-abarth-pininfarina1958-60-fiat-abarth-500-1000-record-pininfarina-1958-19601958-1960-fiat-abarth-500-1000-record-pininfarina1957 Abarth 500 750 1000 Coupe1957-lancia-florida1957 Lancia Florida1959-alfa-romeo-6c-3000-cm-spider-super-sport-1361-designed-by-pininfarina1959 Alfa Romeo 6C 3000 CM Spyder Super Sport1960-ferrari-superfast-ii-pininfarina1960-ferrari-superfast-ii-battista-pinin-farina-passed-away-he-has-been-considered-the-worlds-most-famous-design-master-and-the-picasso-of-car-design1960 Ferrari Superamerica Superfast 21960-pininfarina-alfa-romeo-6c-3000cm-superflow-iv-a1960 Alfa Romeo 6C 3000 CM Super Flow IV Coupe Pininfarina1960-pininfarina-x-sedan1960-pininfarina-x-131960-pininfarina-x-sedan-b1960 Pininfarina X1961-pininfarina-cadillac-brougham-jacqueline-coupe1961 Pininfarina Cadillac Brougham ‘Jacqueline’ Coupe 1961 Cadillac “Jacqueline” Brougham Coupé (named after Jacqueline Kennedy)1961-ferrari-250-europa-pinin-farina-coupe1961 Ferrari 250 GT Pininfarina Coupe Speciale1962-speciale-designed-by-pininfarina-%c2%b7-fiat-2300-coupe1962 Speciale designed by Pininfarina · Fiat 2300 Coupe 1962 Fiat 2300 Coupe Speciale1963-alfa-romeo-2600-coupe-speciale-pininfarina1963 Alfa Romeo 2600 Coupe Speciale (Pininfarina) 1963 Alfa Romeo 2600 Coupe Speciale1963-chevrolet%e2%80%85corvair-super-spyder-coupe-monza-gt-1-designed-by-pininfarina1963 Chevrolet Corvair Super Spyder Coupé Monza GT.1 designed by Pininfarina 1963 Chevrolet Corvair Super Spyder Coupé (2 built)1963-pininfarina-chevrolet-corvette-rondine-11963 Pininfarina Chevrolet Corvette Rondine Coupé1963-fiat-2300-cabriolet-speciale-pininfarina1963 Fiat 2300 Cabriolet Speciale Pininfarina 1963 Fiat 2300 Cabriolet Speciale1963-pininfarina-fiat-2300-s-lausanne-coupe-101963 Pininfarina Fiat 2300 S Speciale Lausanne Coupe 1963 Fiat 2300 S Coupe Speciale Lausanne1964-pininfarina-fiat-2300-s-coupe-speciale-031964 Pininfarina Fiat 2300 S Coupe Speciale 1964 Fiat 2300 S Coupe Speciale1963-pininfarina-pf-sigma-11963 Pininfarina PF Sigma 1963 Pininfarina PF Sigma1963-mercedes-benz-230-sl-coupe-pininfarina1963 Mercedes-Benz 230 SL Coupe (Pininfarina) 1963 Mercedes-Benz 230SL concept car (“Pininfarina Coupé”)1964-abarth-1000-coupe-speciale-pininfarina1964 Abarth 1000 Coupe Speciale (Pininfarina)1964-abarth-1000-spider-pininfarina1964 Abarth 1000 Spider (Pininfarina) 1964 Abarth 1000 Spyder1965-pininfarina-abarth-1000-coupe-speciale-011965 Pininfarina Abarth 1000 Coupe Speciale 1965 Abarth 1000 Coupe Speciale1965-pininfarina-alfa-romeo-giulia-1600-sport-tubolare1965 Pininfarina Alfa Romeo Giulia 1600 Sport Tubolare 1965 Alfa Romeo Giulia Sport Tubolare1965-ferrari-206-p-dino-pininfarina-berlinetta-speciale1965 Ferrari-206-P-Dino-Pininfarina-Berlinetta-Speciale 1965 Ferrari Dino 206 Berlinetta Speciale1965-ferrari-250-lm-pininfarina-stradale-speciale-280161965 Ferrari-250-LM-Pininfarina-Stradale-Speciale 1965 Ferrari 250 LM Pininfarina Stradale Speciale1965-ferrari-365p-berlinetta-speciale-3-posti-2-built-pininfarina1965 Ferrari 365P Berlinetta Speciale 3-posti (2 built) Pininfarina 1965 Ferrari 365P Berlinetta Speciale 3-posti (2 built)1965-fiat-2300-s-coupe-speciale-pininfarina1965 Fiat 2300 S Coupe Speciale (Pininfarina) 1965 Fiat 2300 S Coupe Speciale1967-pininfarina-bmc-1800-berlina-aerodinamica1967 Pininfarina BMC-1800 Berlina-Aerodinamica 1967 BMC 1800 Berlina-Aerodinamica1967-ferrari-dino-206-competizione-pininfarinaa1967 Ferrari Dino 206 Competizione (Pininfarina) 1967 Ferrari Dino 206 Competizione1967-fiat-dino-parigi-pininfarina-paris1967 Fiat Dino Parigi (Pininfarina) Paris 1967 Fiat Dino Parigi1968-bentley-t1-coupe-speciale-pininfarina1968 Bentley T1 Coupe Speciale (Pininfarina) 1968 Bentley T1 Coupe Speciale1968-pininfarina-blmc-1100-berlina-aerodinamica-031968 Pininfarina BLMC-1100 Berlina-Aerodinamica 1968 Pininfarina BLMC 11001968-alfa-romeo-p33-roadster-pininfarina1968 Alfa Romeo Tipo 33 La Roadster Pininfarina1968-ferrari-p6-pininfarina1968 Ferrari P6 Berlinetta Speciale Pininfarina1968-mg-ex-234-roadster-pininfarina1968 MG EX.234 Roadster Pininfarina 1968 MG EX.234 Roadster1968-ferrari-250-p5-pininfarina1968 Ferrari 250 P5 (Pininfarina) Speciale 1968 Ferrari 250 P5 Speciale1969-abarth-2000-pininfarina1969 Abarth 2000 (Pininfarina) 1969 Abarth 20001969-alfa-romeo-p33-coupe-pininfarina1969 Alfa Romeo P33 Coupe (Pininfarina) 1969 Alfa Romeo Tipo 33 Coupé 33/21969-pininfarina-sigma-grand-prix-monoposto-f11969 Pininfarina Sigma Grand Prix monoposto F1 1969 Ferrari Sigma Grand Prix monoposto F11969-ferrari-512s-speciale-pininfarina231969 Ferrari 512S Speciale (Pininfarina) 1969 Ferrari 512S Berlinetta Speciale1969-pininfarina-fiat-128-teenager-beach-buggy1969 Pininfarina Fiat 128 Teenager Beach Buggy 1969 Fiat 128 Teenager1970-ferrari-512s-modulo-pininfarina-concept-11970 Ferrari 512S Modulo Pininfarina Concept 1 1970 Ferrari 512 S Modulo1971-alfa-romeo-p33-cuneo-pininfarina1971 Alfa Romeo P33 Cuneo (Pininfarina) 1971 Alfa Romeo Tipo 33 Cuneo Spider 33/21971-peugeot-504-break-riviera-pininfarina1971 Peugeot 504 Break Riviera (Pininfarina) 1971 Peugeot Break Riviera1971-pininfarina-nsu-ro-80-011971 Pininfarina NSU RO-80 01 1971 NSU Ro 801973-alfa-romeo-alfetta-spider-pininfarina1973 Alfa Romeo Alfetta Spider (Pininfarina) 1973 Alfa Romeo Alfetta Spider1973-autobianchi-a-112-giovani-pininfarina1973 Autobianchi A 112 Giovani (Pininfarina) 1973 Autobianchi A 112 Giovani1973-chevrolet-xp-897gt-two-rotor-pininfarina1973 Chevrolet XP-897GT Two-Rotor (Pininfarina) 1973 Chevrolet Corvette XP-897GT – Designed by GM, built by Pininfarina1974-ferrari-cr-25-pininfarina1974 Ferrari CR 25 (Pininfarina) 1974 Ferrari CR 251974-fiat-130-maremma-pininfarina1974 Fiat 130 Maremma (Pininfarina) 1974 Fiat 130 Maremma 1975-alfa-romeo-eagle-pininfarinaa1975 Alfa Romeo Eagle (Pininfarina) 1975 Alfa Romeo Eagle1975-fiat-130-opera-pininfarina1975 Fiat 130 Opera (Pininfarina) 1975 Fiat 130 Opera sedan1976-peugeot-peugette-pininfarina-b-w1975 Peugeot Peugette (Pininfarina) b-w 1975 Peugeot Peugette1978-fiat-ecos-pininfarina1978 Fiat Ecos (Pininfarina) 1978 Fiat Ecos1978-jaguar-xj-spider-pininfarina1978 Jaguar XJ Spider (Pininfarina) 1978 Jaguar XJ Spider1978-lancia-gamma-spider-pininfarina1978 Lancia Gamma Spider (Pininfarina) 1978 Lancia Gamma Spider1978-pininfarina-studio-cnr1978 Pininfarina Studio CNR 1978 Pininfarina CNR-PF1980-ferrari-pinin-pininfarina1980 Ferrari Pinin (Pininfarina) 1980 Ferrari Pinin1980-lancia-gamma-scala-pininfarina1980 Lancia Gamma Scala (Pininfarina) 1980 Lancia Gamma Scala sedan1981-audi-quartz-pininfarina1981 Audi Quartz (Pininfarina) 1981 Audi Quartz1982-lancia-gamma-olgiata-pininfarina1982 Lancia Gamma Olgiata (Pininfarina) 1982 Lancia Gamma Olgiata1983-fiat-ritmo-coupe-pininfarina1983 Fiat Ritmo Coupe (Pininfarina) 1983 Pininfarina Brio – based on Fiat Ritmo Abarth 125 TC1984-honda-hp-x-pininfarina1984 Honda HP-X (Pininfarina) 1984 Honda HP-X concept car1985-peugeot-griffe-4-pininfarina1985 Peugeot Griffe 4 (Pininfarina) 1985 Peugeot Griffe 41986-alfa-romeo-vivace-coupe-and-spider-pininfarina1986 Alfa Romeo Vivace Coupe and Spider (Pininfarina) 1986 Alfa Romeo Vivace Coupe and Spider1988-lancia-hit-pininfarina

1988-pininfarina-lancia-hit-design-sketch1988 Lancia HIT (Pininfarina) 1988 Lancia HIT1989-pininfarina-ferrari-mythos-design-sketch-01 1989-pininfarina-ferrari-mythos-design-sketches-02 1989-pininfarina-ferrari-mythos1989 pininfarina ferrari mythos 1989 Ferrari Mythos1990-pininfarina-cnr-e21990 Pininfarina CNR E21991-opel-chronos-pininfarina1991 Opel Chronos Pininfarina1992-fiat-cinquecento-pick-up-pininfarina1992 Fiat Cinquecento 4×4 pick-up1992-pininfarina-ethos1992 Pininfarina Ethos1993-pininfarina-ethos-21993 Pininfarina Ethos 21994-fiat-spunto-pininfarina1994 Fiat Spunto1994-pininfarina-ethos-31994 Pininfarina Ethos 3 1995-honda-argento-vivo-pininfarinae1995 Honda Argento Vivo (Pininfarina) 1995 Honda Argento Vivo1995-honda-ssm-pininfarina-011995 Honda SSM (Pininfarina) 1995 Honda SSM1996-fiat-sing-e-song-pininfarina1996 Fiat Sing e Song – a pair of concept cars based on the Fiat Bravo and Brava Pininfarina1996-pininfarina-fiat-eta-beta-a 1996-pininfarina-fiat-eta-beta-b 1996-pininfarina-fiat-eta-beta-c 1996-pininfarina-fiat-eta-beta-d 1996-pininfarina-fiat-eta-beta1996 Pininfarina etabeta1997-pininfarina-peugeot-nautilus-concept-01 1997-pininfarina-peugeot-nautilus-concept-02 1997-pininfarina-peugeot-nautilus-concept-03 1997-pininfarina-peugeot-nautilus-concept-04 1997-pininfarina-peugeot-nautilus-concept-051997 Peugeot Nautilus concept designed by Pininfarina1998-alfa-romeo-dardo-pininfarina-a 1998-alfa-romeo-dardo-pininfarina-b 1998-alfa-romeo-dardo-pininfarina-c 1998-alfa-romeo-dardo-pininfarina-d 1998-alfa-romeo-dardo-pininfarina-e 1998-alfa-romeo-dardo-pininfarina-f 1998-alfa-romeo-dardo-pininfarina-g-sketch1998 Alfa Romeo Dardo Spider Pininfarina1999-fiat-wish-pininfarina-a 1999-fiat-wish-pininfarina-b 1999-fiat-wish-pininfarina-c1999 Fiat Wish Cabriolet / Coupé Pininfarina1999-pininfarina-metrocubo-a 1999-pininfarina-metrocubo-b 1999-pininfarina-metrocubo-c 1999-pininfarina-metrocubo-d-sketch 1999-pininfarina-metrocubo-e-sketch 1999-pininfarina-metrocubo-f 1999-pininfarina-metrocubo-g1999 Pininfarina Metrocubo2000-ferrari-rossa-pininfarina-e2000 Ferrari Rossa Pininfarina2001-ford-start-pininfarina-a 2001-ford-start-pininfarina-b 2001-ford-start-pininfarina-c 2001-ford-start-pininfarina-d2001 Ford Start (Pininfarina) 2001 Ford Start2001-citroen-osee-pininfarina-a 2001-citroen-osee-pininfarina-b 2001-citroen-osee-pininfarina-c 2001-citroen-osee-pininfarina-d 2001-citroen-osee-pininfarina-e 2001-citroen-osee-pininfarina-f-sketch 2001-citroen-osee-pininfarina-g-sketch 2001-citroen-osee-pininfarina-h-sketch2001 Citroën Osée Pininfarina2002-hafei-hf-fantasy-pininfarina-a2002 Hafei HF Fantasy Pininfarina2003-lotus-pininfarina-enjoy-roadster-a 2003-lotus-pininfarina-enjoy-roadster-b 2003-lotus-pininfarina-enjoy-roadster-c 2003-lotus-pininfarina-enjoy-roadster-d2003 Pininfarina Lotus Enjoy2004-pininfarina-double-face-a 2004-pininfarina-double-face-b 2004-pininfarina-double-face-c 2004-pininfarina-double-face-d 2004-pininfarina-double-face-e 2004-pininfarina-double-face-f 2004-pininfarina-double-face-g 2004-pininfarina-double-face-h 2004-pininfarina-double-face-i 2004-pininfarina-double-face-j 2004-pininfarina-double-face-k 2004-pininfarina-double-face-l 2004-pininfarina-double-face-m 2004-pininfarina-double-face-n 2004-pininfarina-double-face-o 2004-pininfarina-double-face-p2004 Pininfarina Double-Face2004-nido-pininfarina-2 2004-pininfarina-nido-12004 Pininfarina Nido2004-saturncurve-pininfarina-gm-i2004 Saturn Curve – Built by Pininfarina, designed by GM in Sweden2005-chery-m14-pininfarina-a 2005-chery-m14-pininfarina-b 2005-chery-m14-pininfarina-c 2005-chery-m14-pininfarina-d 2005-chery-m14-pininfarina-e2005 Chery M14 (Pininfarina) 2005 Chery M142005-maserati-birdcage-75th-pininfarina-b 2005-maserati-birdcage-75th-pininfarina-e 2005-maserati-birdcage-75th-pininfarina-g2005 Maserati Birdcage 75th Pininfarina

2006-ferrari-612-scaglietti-a 2006-ferrari-612-scaglietti-c2006 Ferrari 612 Scaglietti “Kappa” one-off for Peter S. Kalikow2006-ferrari-p4-5-by-pininfarina2006 Ferrari P4/5 by Pininfarina2008-pininfarina%e2%80%85b0-electric-car2008 Pininfarina B0 electric car2008-pininfarina-sintesi-concept2008 Pininfarina Sintesi2008-rolls-royce%e2%80%85phantom%e2%80%85drophead%e2%80%85coupe-hyperion-designed-by-pininfarina2008 Rolls-Royce Phantom Drophead Coupé Hyperion designed by Pininfarina 2008 Rolls-Royce Phantom Drophead Coupé Hyperion2009-tata%e2%80%85pr1ma-concept-car-designed-by-pininfarina2009 Tata Pr1ma concept car designed by Pininfarina 2009 Tata Pr1ma concept car2009-ferrari-p540-superfast-aperta-one-off-for-edward-walson-based-on-the-ferrari%e2%80%85599-pininfarina2009 Ferrari P540 Superfast Aperta – one off for Edward Walson, based on the Ferrari 599 Pininfarina2009 Ferrari P540 Superfast Aperta – one off for Edward Walson, based on the Ferrari 5992010-alfa%e2%80%85romeo%e2%80%852uettottanta-concept-car-pininfarina2010 Alfa Romeo 2uettottanta concept car Pininfarina 2010 Alfa Romeo 2uettottanta concept car2010-lancia%e2%80%85stratos-for-michael%e2%80%85stoschek-pininfarina2010 Lancia Stratos for Michael Stoschek pininfarina 2010 Lancia Stratos for Michael Stoschek2010-pininfarina-nido-ev-a 2010-pininfarina-nido-ev-b2010 Pininfarina Nido EV2012-pininfarina-cambiano-concept-car2012 Pininfarina Cambiano concept car2012-pininfarina-ferrari-sp12-eric-clapton-design-sketches2012 Ferrari SP12 EC one-off for Eric Clapton

Pininfarina Sergio Concept Geneva 2013
Pininfarina Sergio Concept Geneva 2013 2013 Pininfarina Sergio concept car

2013-bmw-pininfarina-gran-lusso-coupe2013 BMW Pininfarina Gran Lusso Coupe 2013 BMW Gran Lusso Coupé2014-ferrari-sergio-pininfarina-tribute-car2014 Ferrari Sergio Pininfarina Tribute Car 2014 Ferrari Sergio2016-h2-speed-concept-car-pininfarina2016 H2 Speed concept car pininfarina 2016 H2 Speed concept car

Production Cars Designed by Pininfarina

A list of Post WWII cars de­signed by Pin­in­fa­rina that went into production.

1948-cisitalia-202-sc-coupe-by-pininfarina1948 Cisitalia 202 SC Coupe by Pininfarina 1948 Cisitalia 202

1949-simca-8-sport-pininfarina-coupe1949 Simca 8 Sport Pininfarina Coupé1949-simca-8-pininfarina-sport-cabriolet1949 Simca 8 Pininfarina Sport Cabriolet 1949 Simca 8 Sport Coupé and Cabriolet1951-rolls-royce-silver-dawn-2-door-fastback-coupe-by-pininfarina-only-11951-rolls-royce-silver-dawn-coupe-by-pininfarina-silverstone-auctions1951-rolls-royce-silver-dawn-coupe-by-pininfarina-side-silverstone-auctions1951-rolls-royce-silver-dawn-coupe-pininfarina1951 Rolls-Royce Silver Dawn Pininfarina continental coupe only 11952-ferrari-250-gt-pininfarina-coupe-speciale1952 Ferrari-250-GT-Pininfarina-Coupe-Speciale 1952 Ferrari 2501952-nash-ambassador-pininfarina-brochure-021952 Nash Ambassador Pininfarina1952-nash-healey-pininfarina-roadster1952 Nash Healey Pininfarina Roadster 1952 Nash-Healey1953-maserati-a6gc53-berlinetta-pininfarina-bl1953 Maserati A6GC53-Berlinetta-PininFarina1953-maserati-a6gcs-53-spyder-pininfarina1953 Maserati A6GCS 53 Spyder Pininfarina 1953 Four Berlinetta and one Spyder version of the Maserati A6GCS/531956-alfa-giulietta-pininfarina-spider-grey-main1956 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Pininfarina Spider1955-ferrari-410-superamerica-pininfarna-coupe-51955 ferrari 410 superamerica pininfarna coupe 1955 Ferrari 410 Superamerica1955-peugeot-403-berline-et-cabriolet-pininfarina1955 Peugeot 403-berline-et-cabriolet pininfarina 1955 Peugeot 4031958-austin-a40-farina-mark-i1956 Austin A40 Farina (Mark I) 1956 Austin A40 Farina1957-lancia-flaminia-zagato-pininfarina-super-sport-side-view1957 Lancia-Flaminia-Zagato-Pininfarina Super-Sport-side-view 1957 Lancia Flaminia1958-bmc-1800-landcrab-history-aronline

1958 BMC 1800 Landcrab history AROnline Pininfarina 1958 BMC Farina cars

Austin A55 Mk2: ADO 9 or Austin Drawing office 9 was the nearest to production car to Farina's design proposal. This was the only car in this family to be built exclusively at Longbridge. As launched in 1959, the A55 Mk II had a rather severe, square, mesh front grille, very prominent fins and a body style which left the wheels well tucked in and looking a touch too small for the rest of the machine.
Austin A55 Mk2: ADO 9 or Austin Drawing office 9 was the nearest to production car to Farina’s design proposal. This was the only car in this family to be built exclusively at Longbridge. As launched in 1959, the A55 Mk II had a rather severe, square, mesh front grille, very prominent fins and a body style which left the wheels well tucked in and looking a touch too small for the rest of the machine.

1959 Austin A55 MkII Pininfarina Cambridge rear Austin A55 Cambridge Mk II1959-mg-magnette-pininfarina-mkiii1959 mg magnette pininfarina mkIII MG Magnette Mk IIImorris-oxford-farina-series-v-rearMorris Oxford Farina Vriley-4-68-pininfarinaRiley 4/68 Pininfarina

Wolseley 16/60
Wolseley 16/60 Wolseley 15/60 Pininfarina

1959-61-fiat-1800-2100-112-114-designed-by-pininfarina1959-61 Fiat 1800-2100 (112-114) designed by Pininfarina 1959 Fiat 1800/21001961-ferrari-250-gte-coupe-pininfarina1961 Ferrari 250 GTE Coupe Pininfarina 1960 Ferrari 250 GTE1960-peugeot-404-pininfarina1960 peugeot-404 pininfarina 1960 Peugeot 4041961-fiat-2300-pininfarina1961 Fiat 2300 Pininfarina 1961 Fiat 23001961-ado16dev-pininfarina101962 ado16dev pininfarina 101972-bmc-ado16-austin-1300gt-1380cc-pininfarina1972 BMC ADO16 Austin 1300GT 1380cc Pininfarina 1962 BMC ADO16

1963-datsun%e2%80%851200-bluebird%e2%80%85410-pininfarina

1963 Datsun 1200 Bluebird 410 Pininfarina 1963 Datsun Bluebird 4101964-bmc-ado17-pininfarina1964 BMC ADO17 Pininfarina

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1964 Ferrari 275 GTB-C Berlinetta Speciale, Body by Pininfarina-Scaglietti 1964 Ferrari 275

1965-ferrari-206-p-dino-pininfarina-berlinetta-speciale-437591965 Ferrari-206-P-Dino-Pininfarina-Berlinetta-Speciale 1965 Ferrari Dino 2061965-mgb-gt-shows-off-its-elegant-pininfarina-designed-roofline1965 MGB GT1965-pininfarina-nissan-cedric-1301965 Nissan Cedric 1301965-peugeot-204-limousine-pininfarina1965 Peugeot 204 limo Pininfarina1974-peugeot-204-break-pininfarina1974 Peugeot 204 Break Pininfarinapeugeot-204-pininfarina-coupePeugeot 204 Pininfarina Coupépeugeot-204-pininfarina-cabrioletPeugeot 204 Pininfarina Cabriolet1966-alfa-romeo-1600-duetto-designed-by-battista-pinin-farina1966 Alfa Romeo Spider 1600 Duetto Battista Pininfarina1966-ferrari-275-pininfarina-gtb-4-steel1966 Ferrari 275 Pininfarina GTB-4 Steel1967-ferrari-275-gtb-pininfarina1967 Ferrari 275 GTB Pininfarina1967-ferrari-275-gtb-4-nart-spyder-pininfarina1967 Ferrari.275.GTB-4.NART.Spyder Pininfarina 1966 Ferrari 275 GTB/C1966-ferrari-330-gt-2-plninfarina-2-dv-07-cc1966 Ferrari 330 GT 2 PlNINFARINA 2 DV-07-CC 1966 Ferrari 330 GTC1966-pininfarina-coupe-and-the-fiat-124-spider1966 PININFARINA COUPE and the FIAT 124 SPIDER 1966 Fiat 124 Sport Spider1966-72-fiat-dino-spider-pininfarina1966-72 fiat-dino-spider-pininfarina 1966 Fiat Dino Spider1966-ika-renault-torino-pininfarina-3001966 ika renault torino pininfarina 300 1966 IKA-Renault Torino1968-ferrari-daytona-pininfarina1968 Ferrari Daytona1968-peugeot-504-coupe-pininfarina1968-peugeot-504-pininfarina-cabriolet1968 Peugeot 504 Cabriolet and Coupe Pininfarina1969-peugeot-304-4dr-sedan-pininfarina1969-peugeot-304-cabriolet-pininfarina-open-roof1969-peugeot-304-cabriolet-pininfarina1969-peugeot-304-coupe-pininfarina1969 Peugeot 304 Cabriolet and Coupe Pininfarina1971-fiat-130-coupe-designed-by-pininfarina1971 Fiat 130 Coupé designed by Pininfarina 1971 Fiat 130 Coupe

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1971 Ferrari 365 GTB-4 designed by Pininfarina 1971 Ferrari 365 GTC/4

1973-1976-ferrari-365-gt4-bb-pininfarina1973 – 1976 Ferrari 365 GT4 BB Pininfarina 1973 Ferrari 365 GT4 BB1977-ferrari-308-gts-3-0-pininfarina-img1977 Ferrari 308 GTS 3 0 Pininfarina 1975 Ferrari 3081975-1986-peugeot-604-pininfarina1975-1986 peugeot-604-Pininfarina 1975 Peugeot 6041975-lancia-beta-montecarlo-pininfarina1975 Lancia Beta Montecarlo Pininfarina 1975 Lancia Montecarlo1975-rolls-royce-camargue-designed-by-pininfarina1975 Rolls-Royce Camargue designed by Pininfarina 1975 Rolls-Royce Camargue1976-bandeau-peugette1976-peugeot-peugette-pininfarina1976-peugeot-peugette-by-pininfarina-a1976-peugeot-peugette-by-pininfarina1976-peugeot-pininfarina-peugette-051976 Peugeot Peugette designed by Pininfarina concept car1978-pininfarina-jaguar-xj-vi-spider-031978 Pininfarina Jaguar XJ VI Spider 1978 Jaguar XJ61979-peugeot-505-designed-by-pininfarina1979 peugeot 505 designed by Pininfarina 1979 Peugeot 5051980-ferrari-mondial-pininfarina1980 Ferrari Mondial Pininfarina 1980 Ferrari Mondial1984-ferrari-testarossa-pininfarina1984 Ferrari Testarossa Pininfarina 1984 Ferrari Testarossa1984-87-ferrari-288-gto-pininfarina1984-87 Ferrari 288 GTO Pininfarina 1984 Ferrari 288 GTO1985-89-ferrari-328-gts-pininfarina1985-89 Ferrari 328 GTS Pininfarina 1985 Ferrari 3281985-peugeot-205-4dr-pininfarina1985-peugeot-cabriolet-designed-by-pininfarina1987-peugeot-205-gti-pininfarina1985 Peugeot 205 Cabriolet and Saloon (4 doors) based on Peugeot’s Director of Exterior Design, Gerard Welter’s, initial design of the 205 (1983) designed by Pininfarina1987-98-alfa-romeo-164-designed-by-pininfarina1987-98 Alfa Romeo 164 designed by Pininfarina 1987 Alfa Romeo 1641986-93-cadillac-allante-design-by-pininfarina1986-93 Cadillac Allante design by Pininfarina 1987 Cadillac Allanté1987-92-ferrari-f40-pininfarina1987-92 Ferrari F40 PininFarina 1987 Ferrari F401987-peugeot-405-designed-by-pininfarina1987 Peugeot 405 Pininfarina1989-95-ferrari-348-pininfarina1989-95 Ferrari 348 Pininfarina 1989 Ferrari 3481989-99-peugeot-605-pininfarina1989-99 Peugeot 605 Pininfarina 1989 Peugeot 6051991-96-honda-beat-designed-by-pininfarina1991-96 Honda Beat designed by Pininfarina 1991 Honda Beat1992-94-jaguar-xj220-pininfarina1992-94 Jaguar XJ220 Pininfarina 1992 Jaguar XJ220—rebodied an unknown number of cars1992-03-ferrari-456-gt-pininfarina-19951992-03 Ferrari 456 GT Pininfarina 1995 1992 Ferrari 456 GT1993-00-fiat-coupe-pininfarina1993-00 Fiat Coupé Pininfarina1993-00-fiat-coupe-momo-pininfarina-interiors1993-00 Fiat Coupè Momo Pininfarina Interiors  1993 Fiat Coupé – Interior only1993-02-peugeot-306-gti6-designed-by-pininfarina1993-02 Peugeot 306 GTI6 designed by Pininfarina 1993 Peugeot 3061994-99-ferrari-f355-berlinetta-pininfarina1994-99 Ferrari F355 Berlinetta Pininfarina 1994 Ferrari F3551994-03-opel-omega-b-pininfarina1994-03 Opel Omega B Pininfarina 1994 Opel Omega1999-02-peugeot-306-n5-cabriolet-pininfarina-closed1994–02 Peugeot 306 (N5) cabriolet Pininfarina closed 1994 Peugeot 306 Cabriolet1993-06-alfa-romeo-spider-pininfarina1993-06 Alfa Romeo Spider Pininfarinaalfa-romeo-gtv-3-0-v6-24v-rear-pininfarinaAlfa Romeo GTV 3.0 V6 24V rear pininfarina 1995 Alfa Romeo GTV & Spider1995-ferrari-f355-spider-pininfarina1995 Ferrari F355 Spider Pininfarina 1995 Ferrari F355 Spider

?  1995 MG F – Roof Structure only

1995-ferrari-f50-pininfarina1995 Ferrari F50 Pininfarinaferrari-550-maranello-type-f133-pininfarina1996 Ferrari 550 Maranello Pininfarina1996-lancia-cappa-coupe-pininfarina1996 Lancia Cappa Coupé Pininfarina1996-lancia-kappa-sw-and-coupe-pininfarina1996 Lancia Kappa SW and coupé pininfarina1996-lancia-kappa-station-wagon-pininfarina1996 Lancia Kappa Station Wagon Pininfarina 1996 Lancia Kappa SW1997-peugeot-406-coupe-rouge-lucifer-2-0l-137ch-designed-by-pininfarina1997 Peugeot 406 Coupé rouge lucifer 2.0l 137ch designed by Pininfarina 1997 Peugeot 406 Coupé1999-05-ferrari-360-modena-designed-by-pininfarina1999-05 Ferrari 360 Modena designed by pininfarina 1999 Ferrari 360 Modena

1999-present-hafei-zhongyi-pininfarina1999-present Hafei Zhongyi Pininfarina 1999 Songhuajiang Hafei Zhongyi2000-present-daewoo-rezzo-pininfarina-front2000-present Daewoo Rezzo Pininfarina Front 2000 Daewoo Tacuma1999-05-ferrari-360-modena-pininfarina1999-05 Ferrari 360 Modena Pininfarina2000-2005-ferrari-360-spider-pininfarina-convertible2000-2005 Ferrari 360 Spider Pininfarina convertible 2000 Ferrari 360 Spider2000-ferrari-550-barchetta-pininfarina2000 Ferrari 550 Barchetta Pininfarina 2000 Ferrari 550 Barchetta2001-2004-hyundai-matrixelantra-lavita-fc-gls-hatchback-pininfarina2001-2004 Hyundai (Matrix)Elantra LaVita (FC) GLS hatchback pininfarina2011-hyundai-matrix-1-6-comfort2011-present Hyundai Matrix 1.6 Comfort Pininfarina 2001 Hyundai Matrix2001-11-daewoo-lacetti-pininfarina2002-11 Daewoo Lacetti Pininfarina 2002 Daewoo Nubira/Lacetti saloon and station wagon2002-04-ferrari-enzo-pininfarina-alexandre-prevot-12002-04 Ferrari Enzo Pininfarina Alexandre Prévot (1) 2002 Enzo Ferrari2002-06-ferrari-575m-maranello-pininfarina2002-06 Ferrari 575M Maranello Pininfarina 2002 Ferrari 575M Maranello2002-present-hafei-lobo-pininfarina2002-present Hafei Lobo Pininfarina 2002 Hafei Lobo1968-maserati-4-porte-pininfarina1968 Maserati 4 Porte Pininfarina1971-maserati-quattroporte-am121-pininfarina1971 Maserati Quattroporte AM121 Pininfarina1974-maserati-medici-pininfarina-show-car1974 Maserati Medici Pininfarina Show car1986-maserati-quattroporte-iii-pininfarina-seen-in-ny1986 Maserati Quattroporte III Pininfarina, seen in NY1987-1990-maserati-quattroporte-iii-royale-pininfarina1987-1990 Maserati Quattroporte III Royale Pininfarinamaserati-quattroporte-pininfarina-iv-2Maserati Quattroporte Pininfarina IV 22003-maserati-quattroporte-pininfarina2003 Maserati Quattroporte Pininfarina2012-maserati-quattroporte-pininfarina-v2012 Maserati Quattroporte Pininfarina Vmaserati-quattroporte-sport-pininfarina-gtMaserati Quattroporte Sport Pininfarina GT 2003 Maserati Quattroporteface-lifted-maserati-quattroporte-pininfarinaFace Lifted Maserati Quattroporte Pininfarina2015-maserati-quattroporte-pininfarina-vi168107463902015 Maserati Quattroporte Pininfarina VI(16810746390)2012-maserati-touring-superleggera-bellagio-pininfarina-fastback-at-salon-prive2012 Maserati Touring Superleggera Bellagio Pininfarina Fastback at Salon Privéford-streetka-pininfarina-blue-hr2003 Ford StreetKa Pininfarina2004-11-ferrari-612-scaglietti-pininfarina2004-11 Ferrari 612 Scaglietti Pininfarina 2004 Ferrari 612 Scaglietti2004-09-ferrari-f430-pininfarina2004-09 Ferrari F430 Pininfarina 2004 Ferrari F4302005-07-hyundai-matrix-pininfarina-front2005-07 Hyundai Matrix Pininfarina front 2005 Hyundai Matrix2005-09-peugeot-1007-pininfarina2005-09 Peugeot 1007 Pininfarina 2005 Peugeot 10072006-ferrari-599-gtb-fiorano-a6-pininfarina2006-12 Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano A6 Pininfarina 2006 Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano2006-mitsubishi-colt-czc-pininfarina-turbo-12006 mitsubishi colt czc pininfarina turbo 12006-08-mitsubishi-colt-czc-pininfarina-worldwide2006-08 Mitsubishi Colt CZC Pininfarina Worldwide2006-08-mitsubishi-colt-czc-turbo-pininfarina-worldwide-open2006-08 Mitsubishi Colt CZC Turbo Pininfarina Worldwide open 2006 Mitsubishi Colt CZCa-volvo%e2%80%85c70-with-retractable-pininfarina-hardtopA Volvo C70 with retractable pininfarina hardtop 2006 Volvo C70 – Roof Structure engineering only2007-08-hyundai-tiburon-pininfarina-coupe2007–08 Hyundai Tiburon Pininfarina Coupé 2007 Hyundai Coupe

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2007 Brilliance BS4 Pininfarina Zhonghua 2007 Brilliance BS4

2007-chery-a3-designed-by-pininfarina-4-door-sedan2007 Chery A3 designed by Pininfarina 4-door sedan2012-chery-j3-m1x-hatchback-designed-by-pininfarina2012 Chery J3 (M1X) hatchback designed by pininfarina 2007 Chery A3 and Chery A3 Sport2007-ford-focus-coupe-cabriolet-designed-by-pininfarina2007 Ford Focus Coupé-Cabriolet designed by Pininfarina 2007 Ford Focus CC by Pininfarina2008-17-maserati-gran-turismo-pininfarina2008-17 Maserati Gran Turismo Pininfarina2013-maserati-granturismo-sport-pininfarina2013 Maserati GranTurismo Sport Pininfarina 2008 Maserati GranTurismo2008-13-ferrari-california-designed-by-pininfarina2008-13 Ferrari California designed by Pininfarina 2008 Ferrari California2010-15-ferrari-458-pininfarina2009-15 Ferrari 458 Italia Pininfarina2011-16-ferrari-ff-pininfarina2011-16 Ferrari FF Pininfarina 2011 Ferrari FF2012-present-ferrari-f12-berlinetta-pininfarina2012-present Ferrari F12 berlinetta Pininfarina 2012 Ferrari F12 Berlinetta2016-ferrari-f12tdf-pininfarina-at-the-2016-goodwood%e2%80%85festival%e2%80%85of%e2%80%85speed2016 Ferrari F12tdf pininfarina at the 2016 Goodwood Festival of Speed2014-present-ferrari-california-t-pininfarina2014-present Ferrari California T Pininfarina 2014 Ferrari California T

Electric propulsion

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2008 Pininfarina Bolloré B0 Pininfarina B0

Pin­in­fa­rina has an area ded­i­cated to the new elec­tric car Pin­in­fa­rina Bol­loré. Bat­ter­ies are pro­duced by the French Bol­loré Group.

Pin­in­fa­rina, has in­tro­duced its own elec­tric ve­hi­cle con­cept, the Pin­in­fa­rina B0 (pro­nounced “B Zero”). The four-seat hatch­back fea­tures a solid-state lithium-poly­mer bat­tery, su­per­ca­pac­i­tors, and a roof- in­te­grated solar panel to achieve a range of 153 miles (246 km). De­vel­oped in part­ner­ship with the Bolore Group, the ve­hi­cle is slated for lim­ited pro­duc­tion in 2009.

Pin­in­fa­rina will dis­play a tur­bine-pow­ered plug-in hy­brid called the Cam­biano at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show.

At the 2016 Geneva Motor Show Pin­in­fa­rina re­vealed the H2 Speed, an elec­tric sports car concept. The H2 Speed is a hy­dro­gen ve­hi­cle with two race-spec­i­fi­ca­tion elec­tric mo­tors which are fed by a hy­dro­gen fuel cell. The hy­dro­gen power unit was de­signed by Swiss com­pany GreenGT.

Other vehicles

Nautical design

  • Primatist Aerotop Pininfarina range: G46, G53, B62, G70.
  • Magnum Marine 80′ Series
  • Pershing 88′ Pininfarina Limited Edition, a one-off body designed by Pininfarina. Yacht was used in a Visa Black Card commercial.
  • Fincantieri Ottantacinque by Pininfarina Project.
  • Schaefer 620 and 800 by Pininfarina, interiors.
  • Persico Marine WallyCento Project.
  • Azimut 65 Pininfarina.

Mass transport

the-etr-500-frecciarossa-of-the-italian%e2%80%85railways-pininfarina-design
The ETR 500 Frecciarossa of the Italian Railways Pininfarina design
sbb-re-460-schottikon-alternate-crop-pininfarina-design
SBB Re 460 Schottikon alternate crop Pininfarina design
 1991-1997 Re 460 locomotive and IC 2000 train
1987–2000 ETR 500 Italian high-speed trainset
1991 SBB-CFF-FFS Re 460 (electric locomotive for the Swiss Federal Railways)
treno-ad-alta-frequentazione-pininfarina-design
Treno ad alta frequentazione Pininfarina design 1996 ALe 426/506 TAF “High Occupancy Train” for Italian commuter lines.
ic2000-zurich-lucerne-with-the-control%e2%80%85car-leading-the-train-pinifarina-design
IC2000 Zurich – Lucerne with the control car leading the train Pinifarina design 1997 IC 2000 (double-decker train for the Swiss Federal Railways, matching the electric locomotive Re 460)

ansaldo-breda-pininfarina-fyra-v250-48062008 Ansaldo Breda Pininfarina Fyra V250 4806 2008 AnsaldoBredaV250 Albatros high-speed train for NS Hispeed

Other works

Pin­in­fa­rina also works with other com­pa­nies such as Sim­pleTech for prod­uct design.

Other Pin­in­fa­rina prod­uct de­signs in­clude the 2006 Win­ter Olympics torch, caul­dron and medals, as well as major ap­pli­ance col­lec­tions for Gorenje.

 Pininfarina logo on Coca-Cola Freestyle machine
Pininfarina logo on Coca-Cola Freestyle machine

Pin­in­fa­rina was a de­sign con­trac­tor for the de­vel­op­ment of Coca-Cola Freestyle.

Subsidiaries

Pin­in­fa­rina Extra, founded in 1986, is the Pin­in­fa­rina Group de­sign com­pany which does not work in the trans­port sec­tor. Ex­am­ples include:

See also

References

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  9. ^ Vitello, Paul (3 July 2012). “Sergio Pininfarina, 85, Designer of Sports Cars”. The New York Times.
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  11. ^ Ernesto Caballo, Pininfarina n. 12 1972-73, p.160
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  15. ^ “Divorce, Italian style? No, but a design change at Ferrari”. Automotive News Europe. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
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  17. ^ Gino Rancati, Pininfarina n. 12 1972-73, p.162
  18. ^ Ready, Owen (5 March 2013). “Pininfarina Sergio concept”. Cardesignnews.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  19. ^ Wilson, Wilson. Alfa Romeo Giulietta, p.43
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  22. ^ a b “Pininfarina - Coach Builder Information”. Conceptcarz.com. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  23. ^ “30 years at the GM wind tunnel”. VideoatGM.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  24. ^ Klassen, Robert; Menor, Larry J. (2006). Cases in Operations Management: Building Customer Value Through World-Class Operations. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4129-1371-3. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  25. ^ Klassen, Robert; Menor, Larry J. (2006). Cases in Operations Management: Building Customer Value Through World-Class Operations. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4129-1371-3. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  26. ^ Pininfarina Annual Report. Pininfarina. 2004. p. 10.
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  29. ^ Boland, Vincent (1 January 2009). “Pininfarina family to sell stake in car group” (fee required). Financial Times. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
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External links

GUTBROD – STANDARD

gutbrod-emblem

Gutbrod and Standard

German manufacturer of cars, motorcycles and small agricultural machinery, founded in Ludwigsburg by Wilhelm Gutbrod in 1926. In 1933 the company relocated to the nearby Stuttgart suburb of Feuerbach, and from 1933 to 1935. The new Gutbrod car was developed at the company’s small factory at Plochingen am Neckar by Technical Director Dr. Hans Scherenberg during the time of Walter Gutbrod who had taken over the firm in 1948 on the death of his father, Wilhelm Gutbrod (26 February 1890 – 9 August 1948). Scherenberg arrived at Gutbrod from Mercedes where the victorious war-time allies had enforced a pause in engine fuel-injection development, and in 1952 he would return to that firm.

1951-gutbrod-superior-bl

 Gutbrod Superior
1951-gutbrod-superior

 Gutbrod Superior 1951

Gutbrod was a German manufacturer of cars, motorcycles and small agricultural machinery. The firm was founded in Ludwigsburg by Wilhelm Gutbrod in 1926. It originally built “Standard” branded motorcycles. In 1933 the company relocated to the nearby Stuttgart suburb of Feuerbach, and from 1933 to 1935, Standard Superior cars were built with rear-mounted engines.

An updated version of the Gutbrod Superior introduced in 1953 benefited from developments towards fuel injection undertaken by Mercedes-Benz dating initially from 1935: this Gutbrod was the first car in the world to be offered with fuel injection, some three years before fuel injection appeared in a production engine offered by Mercedes themselves.

The small Gutbrod Superior model was produced from 1950 to 1954 using the company’s own, front-mounted twin-cylinder two-stroke engines initially of 593cc. In April 1953 the engine size was increased to 663 cc for more expensive ‘Luxus 700’ versions of the car, while the standard model continued to be offered with the original smaller engine. Claimed power output was 20 hp (15 kW) for the base version, while for the larger engine 26 hp (19 kW) or 30 hp (22 kW) was claimed according to whether fuel feed came via a carburettor or a form of fuel injection. Press reports commended the speed and secure handling of the cars but indicated that the sporty handling came in return for sacrificing some comfort. It was also noted that normal conversation became impossible at speeds above about 80 km/h (50 mph) due to the noise.

7726 cars were produced before the factory was forced to close. The car was developed at the company’s small factory at Plochingen am Neckar by Technical Director Dr. Hans Scherenberg during the time of Walter Gutbrod who had taken over the firm in 1948 on the death of his father, Wilhelm Gutbrod (26 February 1890 – 9 August 1948). Scherenberg arrived at Gutbrod from Mercedes where the victorious war-time allies had enforced a pause in engine fuel-injection development, and in 1952 he would return to that firm.

A Gutbrod injection engine can still be seen in the Deutsches Museum in Munich.

It was a small two seater car, the overall length was 3.5 m (11 ft), width 1.4 m (4.6 ft) and the total weight 650 kg (1,433 lb), max speed 90 km/h (56 mph). The car was offered as standard version for a price of DM 3990, and as Superior Luxus for DM 4380. Recently, a restoration project of an injection model was sold in Geneva for CHF 3000.

In 1956,1956-the-troll-was-a-small-car-made-by-troll-plastik-bilindustri-of-lunde-norway-from-1956-to-1958-it-was-one-of-few-attempts-at-car-production-in-norway-but-only-five-cars-were-ever-bthe Norwegian Troll car was built on a Gutbrod chassis. pioneering the use of fibreglass in automobile coachwork along with the Chevrolet Corvette as well as some other small scale car manufacturers.

Ernst Günther Burggaller1930-prospekt_bs_5001931-preisliste19311932-modelle32-1-a1932-modelle32-2-b1932-modelle32-3-c1932-modelle32-4-d1932-modelle32-5-e1932-modelle32-6-f1932-motorbike-standard-bs-500-497-cm%c2%b3-onezylinder-viertakt-motor-12-hp-4-500-u-min-90-km-h1933-model-standard-superior-newspaper-ad-from-january-19331935-motorbike-standard-rex-sport-491cc-22hp-130km-u1949-gutbrod-504-04-051949-gutbrod-atlas-800-datenblatt1949-gutbrod-atlas-800-datenblatt-021949-gutbrot1950-gutbrod-atlas-600-brochure-prospekt-1950-a1950-gutbrod-atlas-600-brochure-prospekt-1950-b1950-gutbrod-atlas-600-brochure-prospekt-1950-c1950-gutbrod-atlas-800-a1950-gutbrod-atlas-8001950-gutbrod-atlas-800-011950-gutbrod-atlas-800-03-21950-gutbrod-atlas-800-031950-gutbrod-atlas-800-03-011950-gutbrod-louwman-parqui1950-gutbrod-superior-kleinwagen-catalog1950-gutbrod-superior-stationcar-body-by-westfalia1950-gutbrod-superior1950-gutbrod-superior1950-54-gutbrod-superior-700e1951-gutbrod-600a1951-gutbrod-atlas1951-gutbrod-superior-21951-gutbrod-superior-600-luxus-achterzijde-d1951-gutbrod-superior-600-luxus1951-gutbrod-superior-bl1951-gutbrod-superior1951-gutbrod-superiorkombi1952-chromo-photo-1952-cigarettes-kosmos-sieg-uber-raum-zeit-gutbrod-atlas-800-b1952-chromo-photo-1952-cigarettes-kosmos-sieg-uber-raum-zeit-gutbrod-atlas-800-c1952-chromo-photo-1952-cigarettes-kosmos-sieg-uber-raum-zeit-gutbrod-superior-cabrio-a1952-chromo-photo-1952-cigarettes-kosmos-sieg-uber-raum-zeit-gutbrod-superior-cabrio1952-gutbrod-superior-6001952-gutbrod-superior-brochure-prospekt-19521952-gutbrod-superior-brochure-prospekt-1952a1952-gutbrod-superior-brochure-prospekt-1952b1952-gutbrod-superior-limousine1952-gutbrod-superior-red1952-gutbrod-superior1952-gutbrod-superiorkombi-21952-gutbrod1952-gutbrod-superior-sport-erste-serienauto-745701952-mhv-gutbrod-6001952-mhv-gutbrod-600a1952-54-gutbrod-superior-700-luxus1952gutbrod-superior-germanyup-to1liter1953-gutbrod-superior1954-gutbrod-superior-1953-54-original-german-sales-brochure-viersitzer-600-7001954-gutbrod-superior1955-gutbrod-motoculteur-a-54-vasall-19551956-the-troll-was-a-small-car-made-by-troll-plastik-bilindustri-of-lunde-norway-from-1956-to-1958-it-was-one-of-few-attempts-at-car-production-in-norway-but-only-five-cars-were-ever-b1958-gutbrod-atlas1967-gutbrod-1031-mit-frase1967-gutbrod-kleintraktor-1031-mit-frase2012-05-08-gutbrod-embleem2012-05-08-gutbrod_12012-05-08-gutbrod_22012-05-08-gutbrod_32012-05-08-gutbrod_42012-05-08-gutbrod_5asien-steyr-fahrzeuge-6agutbrod-600gutbrod-800-brochure-screen4-01gutbrod-1000gutbrod-a17-centra-lucifersmatchbox-labels-gutbrod-vehicle-cargutbrod-atlas-800gutbrod-atlas-800agutbrod-atlas-800-kombinationswagen-01gutbrod-atlas-800-milchverkaufswagen-01gutbrod-atlas-1000-privatbus-01gutbrod-atlasgutbrod-atlas-1000-01gutbrod-bilder-kleintransporter-der-fuenfziger-jahregutbrod-emblemgutbrod-geschikt-als-minicampergutbrod-iigutbrod-logo-1gutbrod-motorbouw-duitsland-model-farmax-typegutbrod-superior-blgutbrod-superior-grungutbrod-superior-interior-truly-superiorgutbrod-superior-roadster-count-von-schulenburg-at-a-rallygutbrod-tracteur-superior-1032gutbrod-typ-3000-tondeuse-a-gazon-agutbrod-typ-3000-tondeuse-a-gazon-bgutbrod-typ-3000-tondeuse-a-gazon-cgutbrod-typ-3000-tondeuse-a-gazonkickstarternf-58-58-gutbrod-atlasprospekt_gloria_etcprospekt_rex1prospekt_rex2prospekt_rex3prospekt_rex4prospekt_standard_sup1prospektflblock1prospektflblock2prospekthermesdrei_1tprospektidealtouren1prospektidealtouren2prospektstandard_kobold2prospektstandardcs500350standard-gutbrodstandard-motorcyclestandard_at_500_typenschein_2_kopiestandard-logo1tankschriftzugvw-gutbrod-goliath

References

  1. Jump up^ Oswald, Werner (2001). Deutsche Autos 1945-1990, volume 4 (in German). Motorbuch Verlag. p. 478. ISBN 3-613-02131-5.
  2. ^ Jump up to:a b “Hans Scherenberg 90 Jahre”. Auto Motor u. Sport. Heft 23 2000: Seite 14. November 2000.
  3. ^ Jump up to:a b c d “Vor 20 Jahren: Test Gutbrod Superior (ie a page of extracts from the same magazine’s edition of exactly twenty years earlier”. Auto Motor u. Sport. Heft 8 1973: Seite 90. 14 April 1973.
  4. Jump up^ “Errinern Sie Sich? Entwurf von Meisterhad: Gutbrod Superior”. Auto Motor u. Sport. Heft 19 1976: Seite 72–75. 15 September 1976.

Myn Family Hotrose Part III

FAMILY HOTROSE III

Op Weblog.nl , Blogspot.com, en ook wordpress.com heb ik eerder samen met mijn vrouw een gelijknamig blog geschreven. Dat is inmiddels jaren geleden, daar schreven wij beide met hart en ziel vrijwel dagelijks aan.

Hot was een alias voor mijn achternaam en rose een alias voor de mooie achternaam van mijn vrouw. Het was nog in een tijd dat ik 100% werkte en ik toch op een veilige manier van me af wilde kunnen schrijven.

Inmiddels zijn wij beide een nieuwe volgende fase van ons leven ingegaan en is een alias veel minder nodig. Mijn vrouw schrijft dan ook bijna dagelijks een eigen blog op Mijn Conceptuele Kunst EdR, en daar schrijven meerdere mensen als correspondenten aan mee. Ook ik ben een van die correspondenten. Ook ik hou een blog bij maar dan bij wordpress: het gaat om myntransportblog.com . Daar schrijf ik over alle transportmiddelen die voorkomen op…

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BUGATTI Automobiles

Bugatti

Bugatti
Private
Industry Automotive
Fate Sold to Hispano-Suiza (1963)
Sold to Volkswagen Group (July 1998)
Successor Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.
Founded 1909
Founder Ettore Bugatti
Defunct 1963
Headquarters Molsheim, Alsace, France
Key people
Products Automobiles
Website www.bugatti.com

Automobiles Ettore Bugatti was a French car manufacturer of high-performance automobiles, founded in 1909 in the then German city of Molsheim, Alsace by Italian-born Ettore Bugatti. Bugatti cars were known for their design beauty (Ettore Bugatti was from a family of artists and considered himself to be both an artist and constructor) and for their many race victories. Famous Bugattis include the Type 35 Grand Prix cars, the Type 41 “Royale”, the Type 57 “Atlantic” and the Type 55 sports car.

The death of Ettore Bugatti in 1947 proved to be the end for the marque, and the death of his son Jean Bugatti in 1939 ensured there was not a successor to lead the factory. No more than about 8,000 cars were made. The company struggled financially, and released one last model in the 1950s, before eventually being purchased for its airplane parts business in the 1960s. In the 1990s, an Italian entrepreneur revived it as a builder of limited production exclusive sports cars. Today, the name is owned by German automobile manufacturing group Volkswagen.

Under Ettore Bugatti

Founder Ettore Bugatti was born in Milan, Italy, and the automobile company that bears his name was founded in 1909 in Molsheim located in the Alsace region which was part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1919. The company was known both for the level of detail of its engineering in its automobiles, and for the artistic manner in which the designs were executed, given the artistic nature of Ettore’s family (his father, Carlo Bugatti (1856–1940), was an important Art Nouveau furniture and jewelry designer).

World War I and its aftermath

During the war Ettore Bugatti was sent away, initially to Milan and later to Paris, but as soon as hostilities had been concluded he returned to his factory at Molsheim. Less than four months after the Versailles Treaty formalised the transfer of Alsace from Germany to France, Bugatti was able to obtain, at the last minute, a stand at the 15th Paris motor show in October 1919. He exhibited three light cars, all of them closely based on their pre-war equivalents, and each fitted with the same overhead camshaft 4-cylinder 1,368cc engine with four valves per cylinder. Smallest of the three was a “Type 13” with a racing body (constructed by Bugatti themselves) and using a chassis with a 2,000 mm (78.7 in) wheelbase. The others were a “Type 22” and a “Type 23” with wheelbases of 2,250 and 2,400 mm (88.6 and 94.5 in) respectively.

Racing successes

The company also enjoyed great success in early Grand Prix motor racing: in 1929 a privately entered Bugatti won the first ever Monaco Grand Prix. Racing success culminated with driver Jean-Pierre Wimille winning the 24 hours of Le Mans twice (in 1937 with Robert Benoist and 1939 with Pierre Veyron).

Bugatti cars were extremely successful in racing. The little Bugatti Type 10 swept the top four positions at its first race. The 1924 Bugatti Type 35 is probably the most successful racing car of all time, with over 2,000 wins. The Type 35 was developed by Bugatti with master engineer and racing driver Jean Chassagne who also drove it in the car’s first ever Grand Prix in 1924 Lyon. Bugattis swept to victory in the Targa Florio for five years straight from 1925 through 1929. Louis Chiron held the most podiums in Bugatti cars, and the modern marque revival Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S. named the 1999 Bugatti 18/3 Chiron concept car in his honour. But it was the final racing success at Le Mans that is most remembered-Jean-Pierre Wimille and Pierre Veyron won the 1939 race with just one car and meagre resources.

Aeroplane racing

In the 1930s, Ettore Bugatti got involved in the creation of a racer airplane, hoping to beat the Germans in the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize. This would be the Bugatti 100P, which never flew. It was designed by Belgian engineer Louis de Monge who had already applied Bugatti Brescia engines in his “Type 7.5” lifting body.

Railcar

Ettore Bugatti also designed a successful motorised railcar, the Autorail (Autorail Bugatti).

Family tragedy

The death of Ettore Bugatti’s son, Jean Bugatti, on 11 August 1939 marked a turning point in the company’s fortunes. Jean died while testing a Type 57 tank-bodied race car near the Molsheim factory.

After World War II

World War II left the Molsheim factory in ruins and the company lost control of the property. During the war, Bugatti planned a new factory at Levallois, a northwestern suburb of Paris. After the war, Bugatti designed and planned to build a series of new cars, including the Type 73 road car and Type 73C single seat racing car, but in all Bugatti built only five Type 73 cars.

Development of a 375 cc supercharged car was stopped when Ettore Bugatti died on 21 August 1947. Following Ettore Bugatti’s death, the business declined further and made its last appearance as a business in its own right at a Paris Motor Show in October 1952.

After a long decline, the original incarnation of Bugatti ceased operations in 1952.

Design

Bugattis are noticeably focused on design. Engine blocks were hand scraped to ensure that the surfaces were so flat that gaskets were not required for sealing, many of the exposed surfaces of the engine compartment featured guilloché (engine turned) finishes on them, and safety wires had been threaded through almost every fastener in intricately laced patterns. Rather than bolt the springs to the axles as most manufacturers did, Bugatti’s axles were forged such that the spring passed though a carefully sized opening in the axle, a much more elegant solution requiring fewer parts. He famously described his arch competitor Bentley‘s cars as “the world’s fastest lorries” for focusing on durability. According to Bugatti, “weight was the enemy”.

Important models built

Prototypes Racing cars Road cars

Gallery

Notable finds in the modern era

Relatives of Harold Carr found a rare 1937 Bugatti Type 57S Atalante when cataloguing the doctor’s belongings after his death in 2009. Carr’s Type 57S is notable because it was originally owned by British race car driver Earl Howe. Because much of the car’s original equipment is intact, it can be restored without relying on replacement parts.

On 10 July 2009, a 1925 Bugatti Brescia Type 22 which had lain at the bottom of Lake Maggiore on the border of Switzerland and Italy for 75 years was recovered from the lake. The Mullin Museum in Oxnard, California bought it at auction for $351,343 at Bonham’s Rétromobile sale in Paris in 2010.

Attempts at revival

The company attempted a comeback under Roland Bugatti in the mid-1950s with the mid-enginedType 251 race car. Designed with help from Gioacchino Colombo, the car failed to perform to expectations and the company’s attempts at automobile production were halted.

In the 1960s, Virgil Exner designed a Bugatti as part of his “Revival Cars” project. A show version of this car was actually built by Ghia using the last Bugatti Type 101 chassis, and was shown at the 1965 Turin Motor Show. Finance was not forthcoming, and Exner then turned his attention to a revival of Stutz.

Bugatti continued manufacturing airplane parts and was sold to Hispano-Suiza, also a former auto maker turned aircraft supplier, in 1963. Snecma took over Hispano-Suiza in 1968. After acquiring Messier, Snecma merged Messier and Bugatti into Messier-Bugatti in 1977.

Modern revivals

Bugatti Automobili S.p.A. (1987–1995)

bugatti-automobili-factory-in-campogallianoView of the assembly line building of the Bugatti Automobili factory in Campogalliano

2007-06-15-18-bugatti-eb-110-bearb-klBugatti EB110 (1996)

Italian entrepreneur Romano Artioli acquired the Bugatti brand in 1987, and established Bugatti Automobili S.p.A.. Artioli commissioned architect Giampaolo Benedini to design the factory which was built in Campogalliano, Modena, Italy. Construction of the plant began in 1988, alongside the development of the first model, and it was inaugurated two years later-in 1990.

By 1989 the plans for the new Bugatti revival were presented by Paolo Stanzani and Marcello Gandini, designers of the Lamborghini Miura and Lamborghini Countach. The first production vehicle was the Bugatti EB110 GT. It used a carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer chassis, a 3.5-litre, 5-valve per cylinder, quad-turbocharged 60° V12 engine, a six-speed gearbox, and four-wheel drive.

Famed racing car designer Mauro Forghieri served as Bugatti’s technical director from 1992 through 1994.

On 27 August 1993, through his holding company, ACBN Holdings S.A. of Luxembourg, Romano Artioli purchased Lotus Cars from General Motors. Plans were made to list Bugatti shares on international stock exchanges.

Bugatti presented a prototype large saloon called the EB112 in 1993.

Perhaps the most famous Bugatti EB110 owner was seven-time Formula One World Champion racing driver Michael Schumacher who purchased an EB110 in 1994. Schumacher sold his EB110, which had been repaired after a severe 1994 crash, to Modena Motorsport, a Ferrari service and race preparation garage in Germany.

By the time the EB110 came to market, the North American and European economies were in recession. Poor economic conditions forced the company to fail and operations ceased in September 1995. A model specific to the US market called the “Bugatti America” was in the preparatory stages when the company ceased operations.

Bugatti’s liquidators sold Lotus Cars to Proton of Malaysia. German firm Dauer Racing purchased the EB110 licence and remaining parts stock in 1997 in order to produce five more EB110 SS vehicles. These five SS versions of the EB110 were greatly refined by Dauer. The Campogalliano factory was sold to a furniture-making company, which subsequently collapsed before moving in, leaving the building unoccupied. After Dauer stopped producing cars in 2011, Toscana-Motors GmbH of Germany purchased the remaining parts stock from Dauer.

Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S. (1998–present)

Main article: Bugatti Automobiles

Pre-Veyron

Volkswagen AG acquired the Bugatti brand in 1998. Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S. commissioned Giorgetto Giugiaro of ItalDesign to produce Bugatti Automobiles’s first concept vehicle, the EB118, a coupé that debuted at the 1998 Paris Auto Show. The EB118 concept featured a 408-kilowatt (555 PS; 547 bhp), W-18 engine. After its Paris debut, the EB118 concept was shown again in 1999 at the Geneva Auto Show and the Tokyo Motor Show. Bugatti introduced its next concepts, the EB 218 at the 1999 Geneva Motor Show and the 18/3 Chiron at the 1999 Frankfurt Motor Show (IAA).

Veyron era (2005-2015)

Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S. began assembling its first regular-production vehicle, the Bugatti Veyron 16.4 (the 1001 BHP super car with an 8-litre W-16 engine with four turbochargers) in September 2005 at the Bugatti Molsheim, France assembly “studio”. On 23 February 2015, Bugatti sold its last Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse, which was named La Finale.

Chiron era (2016-present)

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bugatti-571935-bugatti-57c-coach1935-bugatti-57c-stelvio1935-bugatti-591935-bugatti-type-551935-bugatti-type-57-aerolithe1935-bugatti-type-57c1935-bugatti-type-57t-tourer1936-bugatti-type-57-atalante1936-bugatti-type-57-coupe1936-bugatti-type-57s-derain-roadster1936-bugatti-type-57sc-atlantic-a1936-bugatti-type-57sc-atlantic1936-bugatti-type-57g-c-historic1937-bugatti-57sc-atalante-coupe1937-bugatti-type-57sc-atalante1937-bugatti-type-57sc-gangloff-drop-head-coupe-from-the-ralph-lauren-collection1937-bugatti-vainqueur-des-24-heures-du-mans-1937-avec-robert-benoist-et-jean-pierre-wimille1938-bugatti-t57-atalante-back1938-bugatti-t57-atalante-side1938-bugatti-t57-atalante1938-bugatti-t57-par-uhlik-cn-57615-back1938-bugatti-t57-par-uhlik-cn-57615-fr1938-bugatti-8-zylinder-motor-typ-50b1938-bugatti-57sc-atlantic1938-bugatti-t57-c-roadster-body-by-gangloff1938-bugatti-t57sa5o-je-51-591938-bugatti-type-57-atlantic1938-bugatti-type-57c-bl1938-bugatti-type-57c1938-bugatti-type-57sc-atlantic-from-the-ralph-lauren-collection1938-bugatti-type-57sc-atlantic1938-bugatti-type-57sc-corsica-roadster1938-bugatti1938-cmc-bugatti-57-sc-corsica-1938-sport-v%ef%bb%bf1939-bugatti-mulhouse1939-bugatti-pin-up1939-bugatti-type-57c-atalante1939-bugatti-type-64-coupe-is-incomplete-perfection1944-bugatti-type-73-c1946-47-bugatti-type-73-t-32-tank1951-bugatti-cabriolet-type-1011953-bugatti-type-101-zw1953-bugatti-type-1011954-bugatti-57-513-fye-4161954-bugatti-type-101c-coupe1954-bugatty-t571955-bugatti-type-101c-ghia-roadster1955-bugatti-type-2511956-bugatti-ghia1965-exner-bugatti-t101c1965-ghia-exner-bugatti-t101c1981-bugatti-35-b1991-bugatti-eb110-gt1991-bugatti-eb110a1994-bugatti-eb-110-ss-super-sport1998-bugatti-eb-1181999-bugatti-eb-218-iaa2004-bugatti-veyron-16-4-op-de-mondial-de-lautomobile2005-bugatti-veyron-16-4-tokyo2006-bugatti-veyron-usa2006-the-brothers-schlumpf-replica-of-the-royale-esders-coupe-on-display-at-the-2006-paris-motor-show-bugatti-type41-royale-22007-bugatti-chiron-18-3-81622007-bugatti-veyron2007-06-15-18-bugatti-eb-110-bearb-kl2009-bugatti-eb112-sedan-4door2012-bugatti-veyron-16-4-frontansicht2012-bugatti-veyron-grand-sport-at-the-2012-greenwich-concours-delegance2013-bugatti-veyron-grand-sport2014-bugatti-12-4-atlantique2015-bugatti-veyron-la-finale2016-bugatti-chiron2017-bugatti-chironautorail-bugatti-conserve-a-mulhousebugatti-jeans-favoritebugatti-4-doorbugatti-09bugatti-16bugatti-16c-galibier-4-door-race-car-engine-is-a-front-mounted-8-0l-twin-turbocharged-w16-engine-permanent-four-wheel-drivebugatti-27-ettorebugatti-52-baby-060117bugatti-69-yellow-4040bugatti-1881-1963bugatti-aerolithe-conceptbugatti-affiche-paris-lyon-4h50-automotrice-rapide-bugattibugatti-automobili-factory-in-campogallianoBugattibugatti-chromebugatti-coach-type-73a-pic3bugatti-concept-car-invisiumbugatti-eb-16-4-veyron-redbugatti-eb110-ss-et-une-eb110-gtbugatti-eb218bugatti-ettore-conceptbugatti-fabulousbugatti-gangloff-conceptbugatti-grand-prix-type-30bugatti-lucifer-design-studybugatti-mff459-sidebugatti-mff459bugatti-models-editions-legendes-black-bessbugatti-orangebugatti-presidential-class-diesel-railcar-no-zzy-24408-sncf-no-xb-1008bugatti-railcar-insidebugatti-red-58bugatti-red-unknownbugatti-renaissancebugatti-road-amerika-drawingbugatti-roadster-uhlik-praguebugatti-royalebugatti-royale-coupe-de-ville-binder-41-111-at-the-2004-goodwood-revivalbugatti-royale-typ-41-le-petron-napoleonbugatti-startosbugatti-t-32-tankbugatti-tank1mbugatti-tiger-v14-edition-especiale-louis-vuitton-bilbo-baggins-etrangerbugatti-topbugatti-typ-40bugatti-typ-54-bkue-vr-emsbugatti-type-13bugatti-type-30-02bugatti-type-32-tankbugatti-type-35bugatti-type-41-royale-coupe-napoleonbugatti-type-43-cn-43248bugatti-type-46-rebodiedbugatti-type-46bugatti-type-49bugatti-type-51-cockpit-wilson-pre-selection-gearboxbugatti-type-53-4wd-frbugatti-type-53-4wdbugatti-type-55bugatti-type-57-ventouxbugatti-type-57cbugatti-type-57sc-atalantebugatti-type-59-grand-prix-34bugatti-type-101bugatti-type-252-musee-de-lautomobile-de-mulhousebugatti-veyron-16-4-2bugatti-veyron-16-4-super-sport-world-record-edition-the-fastest-road-legal-production-car-reaching-431-km-h-268-mphbugatti-veyron-16-4bugatti-veyron-grand-sport-in-londonbugatti-veyron-grand-sport-vitesse-in-londonbugatti-veyron-grand-sport-vitesse-le-ciel-californien-in-tampere-finlandbugatti-veyron-grand-sport-pictured-in-londonbugatti-veyron-grand-sportbugatti-veyron-in-tokyobugatti-veyron-pegasobugatti-veyron-quad-turbocharged-volkswagen-w16-enginebugatti-veyron-roodbugatti-veyron-sangbleu-1bugatti-veyron-sangbleu-4bugatti-veyron-sangbleubugatti-veyron-sangbleufrontbugatti-veyron-speedbootbugatti-zz-k-201-218-planbugatti-zza-k-1bugatti-svgbugatti-blackbess-legend-doorsillplateBugatti GangloffBugatti Rembrandtbugattiveyronpolitiekleuren1Bugatti Veyron Super Sport Saphir BleuBugatti Veyron VinceroBugatti Veyron VitesseBugatti Veyron Viverebugatti-7bugatti-boot-e-3000000bugatti-chiron-mulebugatti-gangloff-concept-interiorbugatti-royale-type-41bugatti-t50-modelbugatti-veyron-super-sportGold Bugatti Veyronjean-bugattis-masterpieceMansory Bugatti Veyron Linea Vincero d'Oromichel-vaillant-de-zaak-bugattired-on-chrome-bugattirl-1938-bugatti-57sc-atlantic-34-2RRR Bugatti Veyron

See also

References

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e “Automobilia”. Toutes les voitures françaises 1920 (salon [Oct] 1919). Paris: Histoire & collections. Nr. 31: 63. 2004.
  2. Jump up^ L’Automobiliste, 1971 P. 7
  3. Jump up^ “Bugatti Model 100 at the EAA Museum”. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
  4. Jump up^ “Bugatti Aircraft Association – 100P Airplane”. Bugattiaircraft.com. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
  5. Jump up^ “Streamlined Auto-Rail Car Used in France”. Popular Mechanics. Books.google.com. December 1934. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
  6. Jump up^ “Automobilia”. Toutes les voitures françaises 1953 (salon Paris oct 1952). Paris: Histoire & collections. Nr. 14: Pages 6 & 10. 2000.
  7. Jump up^ Georgano, G.N. Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985)
  8. Jump up^ “1937 Bugatti Atalante Supercar, One of 17, Found in English Garage, Associated Press, January 2, 2009”. The Huffington Post. 2009-01-02. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
  9. Jump up^ AISA (2011), p. 28.
  10. Jump up^ Copyright. Est February 2003. “Bugatti on TradeTwentyfourSeven website”. Trade-247.com. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
  11. Jump up^ “Bugatti: 1,001 horsepower, $1.24 million”. CNN. 2005-09-16. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
  12. Jump up^ “Manufacturing the Veyron”. Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S. 2011-11-30. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
  13. Jump up^ Sorokanich, Robert (23 February 2015). “The very last Bugatti Veyron has been sold”. Road and Track. Retrieved 23 February 2015.

External links